Sexuality and Our Diversity : Integrating Culture with the Biopsychosocial

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Brief Contents Contents About the Author Acknowledgments Dedication Preface Chapter 1: Perspectives on Sexuality in a Cultural and Historical Context 1.1: Cultural Perspectives and the Global Influence of the Abrahamic Religions Common Terms Trigger Warnings and Opting Out of Assignments WEIRD Societies: Western, Educated, Industrialized, and Rich Democracies Major Distinctions between Cultures Finding Universals: Many Are Apparent, Some Are Actual Greco-Roman History Global Influence of the Abrahamic Religions in History and Today Religion, Sexism, and Politics Effects of Agriculture and Industrialization on Gender and Sexuality Media and the Internet 1.2: Sexuality Across Major Geographic Regions and Cultural Traditions Western European and Anglo or Anglo American Cultures African American Experience Eastern Europe and Russia Latino and Hispanic Cultures and the Americas Northeast Asian Cultures Middle Eastern and North African Cultures South Asian Cultures African Cultures Indigenous Cultures 1.3: Sexual Science and Celebrities of Sexology The 1700s: Rise of the Scientific Method and Early Equality The 1800s: Rigid Gender Roles and Medicalizing Sexuality The 1900s to the End of the 20th Century 1.4: Future Issues in Sexuality and Politics Research Questions Developing Economies Sex-Positive or Sex-Negative Value Systems Religion,€Politics, and Pornography Controversial Topics The Millennium Declaration 1.5: Recommended Resources Films Websites Podcasts Books Endnotes Chapter 2: Studying Sexuality: Research Methods and Challenges 2.1: Sexology: Who, What, How, and Why Researchers at Colleges and Universities Therapists and Educators Media “Sexperts” and Journalists Professional Organizations Why Study Sexuality? 2.2: Evolution, Culture, and Other Theoretical Perspectives Evolutionary and Biological Perspectives Cultural Perspectives Social Learning Perspectives Social Constructionism and Gender Studies Integrating Culture with the Biopsychosocial: Examples of Sexual Jealousy and Premature Ejaculation 2.3: Experimental Methods and Challenges Research Methods in Sexology Experimental Designs Correlations and Associations Other Techniques: Case Studies and Surveys Instruments for Research Ethical Issues in Sexuality Research Criminal Violations in Sexuality Research: Tuskegee and Guatemala Syphilis Experiments Checking Sources 2.4: Recommended Resources Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 3: Sexual Bodies: Anatomy and Physiology 3.1: Breasts, Vulva, and Clitoris [Ch Part A: Female Bodies] Outer Structure of the Breasts Breasts across Cultures and Evolutionary Origins Breast Anatomy and Inner Structures Vulva Versus Vagina: External Genitalia Mons and Pubic Hair Labia Clitoris: External and Internal Structures Culture and the Vulva 3.2: Internal Female Reproductive Structures [Ch Part A: Female Bodies] The Vagina and Virginity The G-Spot and Paraurethral Glands Neurological Basis of Sexual Touch Bones and Muscles Cervix and Uterus Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes 3.3: Female Sexual Health [Ch Part A: Female Bodies] Breast Cancer Prevalence Mammography and Breast Self-Exams Breast Cancer Treatment Vajazzling, Genital Piercing, and Genital Cutting Vaginal Fistulas Cancers of the Reproductive System Ovarian Cancer Vaginal Health: UTIs, Yeast Infections, Douching, and More 3.4: Nipples, Scrotum, and Penis [Ch Part B: Male Bodies] Nipples and Atypical Male Breasts External Male Genitalia Penis Size, Shape, and Evolution Culture and the Phallus 3.5: Internal Male Reproductive Structures [Ch Part B: Male Bodies] Internal Anatomy of the Scrotum and Penis Testes and the Reproductive Tract 3.6: Male Sexual Health [Ch Part B: Male Bodies] Prostate Cancer Other Types of Prostate Health Testicular and Other Cancers Urinary Tract Infections and Other Common Genital Health Issues Circumcision and Culture Other Types of Male Sexual Modification 3.7: Shared Anatomy and Health [Ch Part C: Females and Males] Homologous (Shared) Structures Female Erectile Tissues and Male Nipples: Vestigial or Adaptive? The Anus and Anal Sex Shared Sexual Anatomy: Nerve Endings and the Nervous System Kegel Exercises Cancer: Relative Risk and Absolute Risk Vaccination against Some Types of HPV-Related Cancers Pubic and Body Hair Removal, and Hair Replacement Frequency of Sex, Health, and Exercise 3.8: Recommended Resources Films Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 4: Gender Identity and Sex Development 4.1: What Is Female and Male? [Ch Part A: Sexual Differentiation] Precise Terms for Overlapping Concepts Chromosomes and Genes Inheriting Genes Reproduction of Cells: Two Mechanisms 4.2: Biological Sex: Becoming Female or Male [Ch Part A: Sexual Differentiation] Sex Chromosomes Sexual Development of the Gonads and Other Internal Reproductive Structures Sex Hormones Sexual Development of the Genitalia Sexual Development of the Nervous System and the Brain To What Extent Are Gender Differences a Result of Sex Differences in the Brain, or the Cause of Sex Differences in the Brain? Variations in Sexual Development Medical and Other Issues for Individuals with DSDs 4.3: Identity and Roles: Feeling and Being [Ch Part B: Gender Identity] Immutability of Gender Identity and Flexibility of Gender Roles Cross-Cultural Difference in Gender Roles Two Models: Social Learning and Interactionist Gender Role Conformity Religion and Gender 4.4: Transgender: Biological and Cultural Variations in Identities [Ch Part B: Gender Identity] Transgender From a Contemporary Perspective Transgender People: The Process of Transitioning Transitioning in Childhood Transitioning in Adulthood Genital Surgery for Gender Affirmation Demographic and Social Aspects of Transgenderism Transphobia and Trans Bias 4.5: Recommended Resources Films Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 5: Attraction, Arousal, Response, and Sexual Orientation 5.1: Senses, Reflexes, and Hormones [Ch Part A: Arousal and Response] Senses Involved in Sexual Arousal Reflex Responses and Multiple Nervous System Loops Signaling Chemicals: Hormones and Neurotransmitters Sex Hormones, Sex Differences, and Arousal 5.2: Response Cycles: Multiple Models [Ch Part A: Arousal and Response] Masters and Johnson’s Four-Stage Model of Sexual Response Other Models of Arousal and Sexual Response 5.3: Individual and Sex Differences in Response [Ch Part A: Arousal and Response] Sexual Desire and Sexual Excitement (Genital Arousal) Orgasms Female Ejaculation Lifespan Changes 5.4: Sexual Attraction [Ch Part B: Attraction and Orientations] Facial Symmetry Femininity/Masculinity Other Aspects of the Body: Weight and the Hourglass/Triangle Smell Hormones Context and Familiarity Culture-Specific Attraction The Opposite of Attraction: Aversions Does Science Kill Romance? 5.5: Sexual Orientations [Ch Part B: Attraction and Orientations] An Orientation to Orientations Asexuality Orientations: What to Call Them—LGBTQQI2SAAPSGLHS? Multiple Meanings and Measures of Orientation How Common Are Various Sexual Orientations and Are They On a Continuum? Sexual Orientation in Nonindustrialized and Preindustrial Cultures Causes of Sexual Orientation and Its Relationship to Gender and Biological Sex Evolution and Sexual Behavior in Other Animals Sexual Orientation and the (Human) Brain Sexual Orientation and Fetal Androgen Exposure Sexual Orientation and Gendered Behavior Genes and Other Biological Factors Cultural and Nonbiological Environmental Influences: Putting It All Together How Fluid Is Sexual Orientation? Is There an Orientation to Age? To Automobiles? 5.6: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, Minorities, Religion, and Law [Ch Part B: Attraction and Orientations] Overview Historical Views on Sexual Orientation Religious Traditions on Sexual Orientation Laws, Psychiatry, and Sexual Orientation From the 19th to the 21st Centuries Media and Changing Attitudes Homophobia, Biphobia, Transphobia, and School Bullying Special Issues Affecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Minorities 5.7: Recommended Resources Films Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 6: Sexual Relationships, Love, and Communication 6.1: Consent, Dating, and Hooking Up [Ch Part A: Intimacy and Love] Affirmative Consent COVID-19 and Dating “We’re All in This Together.” Or Are We? A History of Dating: From Gentleman Callers to Speed Dating Sex on the First, Second, Third, Date? Gender Roles and Sexuality in Dating Male/Female Differences in Casual Sex? Other Evolutionary Differences in Male/Female Partner Preferences? Hookups and Friends with Benefits: Emotionally Bad or Good? Rare or Common? Netflix and Chill Racial Preferences in Dating Virginity and Sexual Scarcity The Reasons People Have Sex 6.2: Love and Romance [Ch Part A: Intimacy and Love] What Is Romantic Love? This Is Your Brain on Love Different Types of Love: Personal Experiences and Scientific Theories Other Theories of Love Two Hearts Beating as One Forever (or at Least 6 to 18 Months) Attachment Love at First Sight Flirting, Liking, Familiarity, and Similarity: Other Factors That Influence Falling in Love Flirting Liking: Familiarity and Similarity Incest Avoidance Love’s Flipside: Unrequited Love and Heartbreak 6.3: Partnerships/Marriage, Family Structures, and Divorce [Ch Part B: Long-Term Relationships] Marriage across Cultures and History Cohabitation Marriage in the Modern World: The Sacred and the Secular Arranged Marriages Cultural Rituals of Marriage Marriage, Happiness, and Sex Divorce and Remarriage Divorce and Children +0: Staying Single, Whether or Not by Choice 6.4: Monogamy and Non-monogamy [Ch Part B: Long-Term Relationships] Infidelity and Jealousy: Explanations and Male/Female Differences Social Monogamy vs. Sexual Monogamy—Data on Extrapair Sexual Relations Online Cheating Non-monogamy: Culturally Sanctioned or Expected? Ethnical Non-monogamy/Consensual Non-monogamy: Individually Negotiated Risks and Benefits of Consensual Non-monogamy 6.5: Improving Relationships [Ch Part B: Long-Term Relationships] Ingredients of Great Relationships Predicting Doomed Relationships Gottman on Good Relationships Other Aspects of Communication and Good Relationships Talking about Sex Breaking Up with Dignity Premarital Counseling and Talking about Children and Money 6.6: Recommended Resources Films Articles Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 7: Sexual Behavior Across Cultures 7.1: Sex, Dreams, and Fantasy Having Sex, the Erotic, and Sensuality Sexual Debut Sexual Behavior Across Species Dreams Orgasms during Exercise Fantasy 7.2: Masturbation and Celibacy Masturbation: Who and How—Cultural and Individual Variations Lubricants for Masturbation (or Other Sexual Activity) Masturbation: Variety Is Recommended Masturbation and Sodomy: History, Religion, and Education Celibacy: Voluntary and Involuntary 7.3: Sexual Frequency, Kissing, Touching, Mutual Masturbation, Oral-Genital Contact, and Intercourse First Sexual Partnered Sexual Experiences Sexual Scripts, Culture, and Sexual Frequency Other Group and Individual Differences in Sexual Behavior Touching and Kissing Telepathy, Faking, and Communication Partnered Masturbation and Genital-Body Contact Oral-Genital Stimulation Condoms and Dental Dams Penile-Vaginal Sex/Intercourse Orgasm Gap Urban Legends and Academic Myths Awkwardness or Embarrassment in Sex and Post-Sex Regrets 7.4: Anal Stimulation, Sex Toys, Internet Sex, Sex Guides, Tantric Sex, and Multipartner Sex Prevalence and Types of Anal Sex Historical Variations, Techniques, and Safety in Anal Sex Dangerous Sex Sex Toys Vibrators: Myths and Realities Internet Sex and Electronic Media COVID-19 and Sexual Behavior Sex Books: From the 1st Century to the 21st Century Tantric Sex Multipartner Sexual Behavior 7.5: Recommended Resources Films Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 8: Gender and Sexuality Across the Lifespan 8.1: Infancy and Early Childhood [Ch Part A: Childhood and Adolescence] Masturbation in Infancy and Early Childhood Sexual Play and Exploration in Early Childhood Emerging Gender Identity between the Ages of 2 and 3 Gender Identification Is Pink for Girls and Blue for Boys? Gender Constancy and Conformity Childhood Exposure to Nudity and Adult Sexuality Middle Childhood Socializing and Play Adrenarche Romantic Attachments in Early and Mid-childhood 8.2: Puberty, Adolescent Sexuality, and the Media [Ch Part A: Childhood and Adolescence] Physiological Changes During Puberty Variations in Puberty, Voice, and Pain Perception Xenoestrogens and Environmental Pollution Adolescent Sexual Relationships Adolescent Sexuality as a Developmental Process Masturbation and Puberty Adolescence as a Cultural Invention Media’s Impact on Gender Roles and Identity in Adolescence Nonsexual Friendships Among Heterosexual Adults: Cultural Variations and Homonegativity 8.3: Sex Education, Pleasure, Pregnancy, and Disease Prevention [Ch Part A: Childhood and Adolescence] Attitudes Toward Adolescent Sexuality and Teenage Pregnancy Rates Philosophies of Sex Education: Varying National Approaches Virginity Pledges and Adolescence Parental Rights and Sexuality Education Answering Children’s Questions About Sex When Adults Make Different Choices from Their Parents 8.4: Gender Roles and Difference over the Lifespan [Ch Part B: Adulthood] Janet Hyde Versus Del Giudice: Gender Similarities Versus Mars-and-Venus Differences Cognitive Differences and Evolution Interest, Self-Perception, and Career Differences Differences in Behavior and Personality Demographic Gender Differences: Lifespan, Race, and Ethnicity and COVID-19 8.5: Aging and Health and Fitness Affecting Sexuality [Ch Part B: Adulthood] Sexuality and Spinal Cord Injuries Mobility and Sensory Differences and Aging Fitness, Exercise, and Health Normal Aging 8.6: Recommended Resources Films Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 9: Variations in Sexual Behavior: Kinks, Fetishes, and Paraphilias 9.1: Sexual Diversity: Kinks and Fetishes Three Centuries: From Disordered to Kinky A Continuum of Fantasy and Kink Prevalence of Kinks and Sex Differences Common Kinks Subspace, Sub-Drop, and Aftercare Kinks and the Web Sexual Orientation, Identity, and Atypical Sexualities 9.2: Consenting Paraphilias Causing Distress and Dysfunction Diagnosis International Terminology Consensual Paraphilic Interests: Minimizing Distress Consensual Paraphilic Interests That Are Dangerous to Self: Harm Reduction Kinks Way Too Far? Apotemnophilia and Autoerotic Asphyxia 9.3: Nonconsenting Paraphilias and Pedophilia Nonconsensual Activity Focused on Adults Other Paraphilic Disorders (Nonconsenting) Nonconsensual Activity With the Dead Nonconsensual Activity With Animals Why Criminalize Some Sexual Attractions? A Historical and Philosophical Perspective on Sexual Rights and Responsibilities Pedophilia Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and Arousal Patterns 9.4: Causes and Treatments of Problematic Sexual Attraction Sexual Addictions and the Internet Causes of Atypical Sexual Attractions: Culture Co-Opting Biology Sex Differences Prevention Punishments Treatments 9.5: Recommended Resources Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 10: Fertility, Contraception, and Abortion 10.1: Ovulation and Hormones Menstruation Across Cultures Sexual Activity and Menstruation Menses: From Taboo to Technology The Length of the Menstrual Cycle: Three Phases in 20 to 36 Days Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle The Evolution of Menstruation and What Happens to Your Period During Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding Menstrual Cycle: Pain, Emotions, PMS, and PMDD Menopause and Andropause Hormone Therapy 10.2: Conception and Contraception Conception: Fertilization and Implantation A Comparison of Contraception by Cost and Effectiveness Behavioral Methods and Fertility Awareness Methods Sex During Menstruation: Yes, You Can Get Pregnant Contraception During Perimenopause and Menopause Barrier Methods: Disposable Barrier Methods: Reusable Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives: The Intrauterine Device and Hormonal Implants Spermicides Hormonal Oral Contraception: The Pill Hormonal Contraceptives: Other Delivery Methods Surgical Methods of Permanent Contraception (Sterilization) Hysterectomy Reversible Male Contraception (RISUG) Postintercourse “Emergency” Contraception: Plan B 10.3: Family Planning: History and Politics of Abortion, Contraception, Population Growth, and the Environment History of Abortion Part 1: From Common to Illegal History of Abortion Part 2: Legalization Worldwide Abortion Today: Life, Death, and Movements to Restrict or Recriminalize Methods of Abortion Effects of Abortion Contraception and Unwanted Pregnancy: History and Legal Restrictions Margaret Sanger and Family Planning in the United States Modern Obstacles to Contraception Family Planning and Unintentional Pregnancy Forced Sterilizations Population Growth, Demographic Changes, and the Environment 10.4: Recommended Resources Websites Endnotes Chapter 11: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Parenthood 11.1: Multiple Paths to Parenthood Choosing to Be Child Free or Not Family Size Families of Origin: Single Parents, Couples (M-F, F-F, or M-M), Blended, and Extended Factors Affecting Fertility Assisted Reproductive Technologies Screening for Disorders and Selecting the Sex of an Offspring Surrogacy Adoption and Foster Parenting 11.2: Pregnancy and the Three Trimesters An Overview of Pregnancy Prenatal Care and Preparation From Conception to Embryo Pregnancy Testing Embryo: 2 to 8 Weeks Second Trimester Third Trimester The Importance of RCTs and Good Science/Bad Science Twins, Triplets, and More Sympathetic Pregnancy Olympic Competition, Pregnancy, and Gender Equality 11.3: Childbirth and Parenthood Preparing for Birth: Choices About How, Who, Where, and When Labor Recovery from Childbirth After Delivery: Choices and Change Infant Care and Paternity Testing Breast-Feeding 11.4: Recommended Resources Film Websites Endnotes Chapter 12: Sexual Difficulties, Dysfunctions, and Treatments 12.1: Origins of Disorders: Culture, Experiences, Physiology, and Relationships How Common Are Sexual Disorders Overall? The Role of Culture in Sexual Expectations Individual Experiences and Physiology Beliefs, Personal Values, and Self-Concept Relationships and Alignment with Partners 12.2: Diagnosing and Treating Disorders of Sexual Interest, Arousal, Orgasm, or Pain Subtypes and Contributing Factors for All Sexual Dysfunctions Disorders Relating to Sexual Interest, Desire, or Arousal Disorders of Arousal Viagra and PDE-5 Inhibitors Other Biological Treatments for Arousal Disorder Disorders of Orgasm: Premature (Early) Ejaculation Disorders of Orgasm: Delayed or Absent Orgasm Female Orgasm: An “Accident” of Evolution? Treatments for Orgasmic Disorders Sexual Pain and Penetration Disorder (GPPPD) Pain During Anal Sex Other DSM Diagnoses of Sexual Dysfunction 12.3: Sex Therapy and Relationship Therapy Treatment by Many Types of Professionals Obtaining Integrated Help Awareness, Attitudes, and Lifestyle Communication and Relationships Sensate Focus and Directed Masturbation 12.4: Other Sexual Difficulties Other Sexual Dysfunctions Cultural Concepts of Distress That May Be Related to Sex or Sexual Functioning Hypersexuality and Addictive and Compulsive Sexual Behavior 12.5: Recommended Resources Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 13: Sexually Transmitted Infections and Prevention 13.1: Morality versus Behavioral Health Perspectives [Ch Part A: Perspectives and Nonviral Infections] Sin, Sex, and Syphilis Pubic Lice and a Sherlock Holmes Investigation of the Evolutionary History of a Sexually Transmitted Infection Promiscuity, Poverty, Sex Education, and Sexually Transmitted Infections Medical Tests and False Positives or False Negatives 13.2: Nonviral STIs [Ch Part A: Perspectives and Nonviral Infections] An Orientation to Parasites Large and Small Pubic Lice Scabies Protozoans Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis UTIs, NGU, Chanchroid, and MRSA Imbalances: Bacterial Vaginosis and Candidiasis Special Considerations for Anal Sexual Contact 13.3: Viral Infections Other than HIV [Ch Part B: Viral Infections] A Quick Introduction to Viruses, Vaccines, and Herd Immunity Herpes HPV and Genital Warts HPV Vaccine Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E Other Viral Conditions COVID-19: A Novel Coronavirus and a New Global Pandemic 13.4: A Pandemic: HIV and AIDS Worldwide [Ch Part B: Viral Infections] HIV HIV Transmission and Safer Sex HIV Infection and Treatment PrEP—Preexposure and Postexposure Prophylactic Treatment HIV Testing AIDS: Late-Stage HIV Bug Chasers and Barebacking A Pandemic: Past, Present, and Future Past Present Circumcision Future 13.5: Safer Sex and Practical Risk Reduction for All [Ch Part C: Safer Sex] Responsible Sex: Testing and Treatment Vaccinations Against HPV and Hepatitis, PrEP and HAART to Prevent HIV Infection Pleasure and Reasonable Risk Safer Sex: Hands-On Guide Including but Not Limited to Condoms Safer Sex, COVID-19, Vaccines (and Safer Everyday Living) Global Health, Research, and the Next New Sexually Transmitted Infection 13.6: Recommended Resources Films Websites Endnotes Chapter 14: Sexual Aggression and Coercion 14.1: Adult-Minor Sexual Contact Definitions of Child Abuse, Pedophilia, and Age of Consent Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse Pedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Efforts Investigations, Cover-Ups, and False Memories Adult-Minor Sex: Cross-Cultural, Historical, and Philosophical Issues 14.2: Rape, Intimate Partner Violence, and Punishment Prevalence of Sexual Assault and Data on Perpetrators and Victims Sexual Assault in Conflict Zones and Prisons Avoiding and Responding to Sexual Assaults Postrape Effects Intimate Partner Violence Responses to Intimate Partner Violence Stalking Other Types of Sexual Assault Sexual Assault on Campus, Title IX, and Restorative Justice Evolutionary and Cultural Contributions to Sexual Violence Punishment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders Postrelease Restrictions 14.3: Gender Violence, Nonviolent Sexual Offenses, and Sexual and Gender Harassment TIME’S UP and #MeToo Other Types of Gender Violence: Honor Killings, Acid Attacks, Bullying, and Hate Crimes Nonviolent Violations: Other Sex Crimes Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and at School Categories of Sexual Harassment Prevention, Effects, and Coping with Harassment Other Types of Gender Harassment, Gender Discrimination, and Gender Bias Dual Relationships 14.4: Recommended Resources Websites Books Endnotes Chapter 15: Sex as a Commodity and the Regulation of Sexuality 15.1: Enhancements, Surgery, and Objectification [Ch Part A: Surgery, Erotica, and Prostitution] Sexual Enhancements and Perceived Inadequacies Body Modification: Shaving, Breast Modification, Genital Surgery, Piercings, and So Forth Sexual Objectification 15.2: Erotica, Pornography, and the Internet: Past, Present, and Future [Ch Part A: Surgery, Erotica, and Prostitution] Erotica from 35,000 BCE to 2012 The Law: Art, Porn, and Free Speech Sex Panics Scholarly Research on Pornography Pornography, Violence, and Sexual Offending Other Types of Erotica Sexting The Serial Sexter Who Cost a Presidency? (And How You Could Get Fired for Sexting) Sex and Brain Differences in Pornography Use Amateur and Professional Porn: Sex Work from a Distance? Legal Regulation of Other Types of Sexual Behavior 15.3: Selling Sex: Strip Clubs, Prostitution, and Human Trafficking [Ch Part A: Surgery, Erotica, and Prostitution] A Spectrum of Selling In-Person Sex Strip Clubs Sacred Sex Workers, Courtesans, and $10,000-per-Night Escorts Brothels and Midprice Sex Work Streetwalkers and Hustlers Ethics, Morality, and Laws Regarding Prostitution Sexual Tourism and Gigolos Research on Human Trafficking, Sexual Slavery, and Exploitation 15.4: Other Regulation of Sexuality, and the Future [Ch Part B: Concluding Thoughts and Speculations] Likely Developments in the Religious and Legal Regulation of Sexuality Cross-Culturally in the Modern World Gender Equity and Nondiscrimination for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Minorities Integrative Themes from Sexology and Sexuality Research Future Trends in Sexuality, Technologies, and Society 15.5: Recommended Resources Films Websites Endnotes Index