Industrial Hemp: Food and Nutraceutical Applications

Description

Industrial Hemp: Food and Nutraceutical Applications is a comprehensive overview of different value chains for the industrial hemp industry. This excellent reference supports multi-disciplines and presents industrial hemp as a multi-purpose crop, with special attention paid to its food and nutraceutical applications. By combining and presenting multidisciplinary knowledge, readers will be introduced to recent progress in hemp production, processing, utilization and marketing. The book provides a systematic overview of alternative hemp applications, but also serves as a guide to the challenges needed for hemp revitalization to reach its fullness. Front Cover Industrial Hemp: Food and Nutraceutical Applications Copyright Contents Contributors Chapter 1 Perspectives of industrial hemp cultivation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of hemp for food and medicine 1.2.1 Cannabis in Asia 1.2.2 Accounts of Cannabis in Europe 1.2.3 Cannabis makes its way to the Americas 1.2.4 Cannabis in modern times 1.3 The role of hemp for sustainable agriculture 1.3.1 The concept of sustainability 1.3.2 Environmental sustainability 1.3.3 Societal and human sustainability 1.3.4 Economic 1.4 Current status of hemp cultivation and processing 1.4.1 Grain 1.4.2 Cannabinoids 1.4.3 Improving safety of cannabinoid products 1.4.4 The cannabinoid market and oversupply 1.4.5 Controversy of new cannabinoid products 1.5 Challenges and opportunities 1.5.1 Challenges 1.5.2 Opportunities 1.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 2 Industrial hemp breeding and genetics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Some features of C. sativa L. as a plant 2.2.1 Plant description 2.2.2 Taxonomy 2.2.3 Genetics 2.3 Breeding objectives 2.3.1 Fibers 2.3.2 Seed 2.3.3 Inflorescences for cannabinoid extraction 2.4 Hemp breeding methods 2.4.1 Mass selection 2.4.2 Cross-breeding 2.4.3 Hybrid breeding by crossing varieties or synthetic lines 2.4.4 Mutation breeding 2.4.5 C. sativa L. genome research and breeding using molecular markers 2.4.6 Difficulties in breeding of C. sativa L. 2.5 Hemp breeding in Europe 2.5.1 Milestones of hemp breeding in Europe 2.5.2 Breeding of some European varieties of hemp 2.5.2.1 Dioecious varieties 2.5.2.2 Monoecious varieties 2.6 Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter 3 Legal and regulatory oversight of hemp cultivation and hemp foods 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hemp regulation in the United States 3.2.1 History of the law 3.2.2 Current law 3.2.2.1 Cultivation 3.2.2.2 Regulation of hemp as a food 3.3 Hemp regulation in the European Union 3.3.1 History of hemp in the European Union 3.3.2 Cultivation 3.3.3 Food 3.4 Hemp regulation in Canada 3.4.1 Background 3.4.2 Cultivation 3.4.3 Food 3.5 Conclusion and future perspectives References Chapter 4 Nutritional and chemical composition of industrial hemp seeds 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Major and minor hemp nutrients 4.2.1 Hempseed proteins 4.2.1.1 Crude protein 4.2.1.2 Amino acid profile 4.2.2 Hempseed fat 4.2.2.1 Fatty acid 4.2.2.2 The unsaponifiable matter 4.2.3 Hempseed carbohydrate and dietary fiber 4.2.3.1 Carbohydrate 4.2.3.2 Dietary fiber 4.2.4 Hempseed minerals 4.3 Hemp secondary metabolites 4.3.1 Phenolic compounds 4.3.2 Bioactive peptides 4.3.3 Cannabinoids 4.4 Anti-nutritive compounds 4.5 Challenges and opportunities 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Industrial hempseed oil and lipids: Processing and properties 5.1 Introduction to hempseed oil 5.2 Conventional and novel hemp oil seed extraction 5.2.1 General characteristics of industrial hempseeds 5.2.2 Physical and technological characteristics of hempseeds 5.2.3 Conventional hemp oil seed extraction—Cold pressing 5.2.3.1 Pre-cleaning and storage of seed 5.2.3.2 Seed cleaning 5.2.3.3 Dehulling 5.2.3.4 Cold pressing 5.2.3.5 Oil clarification 5.2.3.6 Press cake—Nutritive value 5.2.4 Novel hempseed oil extraction methods 5.2.4.1 Supercritical fluid extraction 5.2.4.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 5.2.4.3 Microwave-assisted extraction 5.2.4.4 Enzyme-assisted extraction 5.3 Major and minor constituents of hempseed oil 5.3.1 Sensory quality of hempseed oil 5.3.2 Major constituents of hempseed oil—Fatty acids 5.3.3 Minor constituents of hempseed oil 5.3.3.1 Tocopherols 5.3.3.2 Phenolic compounds 5.3.3.3 Phytosterols 5.4 Oxidative stability of hempseed oil 5.4.1 Safety of hempseed oil 5.5 Challenges and opportunities 5.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Industrial hemp proteins: Processing and properties 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Hemp protein concentrates and isolates 6.2.1 Composition and properties of hemp proteins 6.2.1.1 Edestin 6.2.1.2 Albumin 6.2.1.3 Other proteins 6.2.2 Concentrates and isolates 6.2.3 Nutritional properties of hempseed protein 6.3 Hemp protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides 6.3.1 Antioxidative effect 6.3.2 Antihypertensive effect 6.3.3 Antiproliferative effect 6.3.4 Hypocholesterolemic effect 6.4 Techno-functional properties of hempseed proteins 6.4.1 Solubility 6.4.2 Water-holding capacity 6.4.3 Emulsifying properties 6.4.4 Foaming properties 6.4.5 Effects of processing methods on the techno-functional properties of the hempseed proteins 6.4.5.1 Defatting 6.4.5.2 Dehulling 6.4.5.3 The pH treatments 6.4.5.4 Other methods 6.5 Hempseed protein allergenicity 6.6 Challenges and opportunities in hemp protein utilization 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 The significance of industrial hemp knowledge management 7.1 Introduction 7.2 A historical overview of the knowledge development of industrial hemp 7.2.1 Knowledge of industrial hemp breeding and cultivation in the 20th century 7.2.2 Knowledge of industrial hemp processing in the 20th century 7.3 Modern knowledge of industrial hemp 7.3.1 Knowledge of hemp genome 7.3.2 Knowledge of multiple uses of hemp 7.4 The role of different knowledge creators and knowledge providers in hemp breeding, agriculture, and (food) processin ... 7.4.1 Relevant projects that have addressed the industrial hemp 7.4.2 Extension services 7.4.3 Hemp associations and centers of excellences 7.4.4 Dedicated journals 7.4.5 Industrial hemp dedicated events 7.5 Challenges and opportunities Acknowledgment References Chapter 8 Nutraceutical potential of industrial hemp 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from hemp seeds 8.3 Cannabinoids and other hemp components with pharmacological effects 8.4 The role of hemp products in disease prevention 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Challenges and opportunities Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References Further reading Chapter 9 Industrial hemp nutraceutical processing and technology 9.1 Introduction to hemp nutraceutical processing and technology 9.2 Conventional extraction techniques 9.2.1 Maceration 9.2.2 Hydrodistillation 9.2.3 Soxhlet extraction 9.3 Novel extraction techniques 9.3.1 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 9.3.1.1 UAE of hemp bioactives 9.3.2 Microwave-assisted extraction 9.3.2.1 MAE of hemp bioactives 9.3.3 Subcritical water extraction 9.3.3.1 PLE of hemp bioactives 9.3.4 Supercritical fluid extraction 9.3.4.1 SFE of hemp bioactives 9.3.5 Deep eutectic solvents 9.4 Encapsulation 9.4.1 Encapsulation of hemp bioactives 9.4.1.1 Encapsulation of hemp oils 9.4.1.2 Encapsulation of lipophilic hemp-based bioactive compounds 9.4.1.3 Hemp-based carrier material for encapsulation 9.5 Challenges and opportunities References Chapter 10 Industrial hemp foods and beverages and product properties 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Hemp seeds for beverages 10.2.1 Hemp seed milk 10.2.2 Fermented hemp seed drinks 10.2.3 Hemp flavored beer 10.2.4 Hemp alcoholic beverages 10.3 Hemp protein 10.3.1 Hemp protein flour 10.3.2 Nutritional quality of hemp proteins 10.3.3 New products from HPM processing: Protein concentrate, isolate, and hydrolysates 10.3.4 HPF food application 10.4 Hemp seeds for food products 10.4.1 Gluten-free bakery products 10.4.2 Conventional bakery products 10.4.3 Hemp-based snack products 10.4.4 Hemp-based meat analogs 10.4.5 Hemp-based biorefinery products 10.5 Challenges and opportunities 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Industrial hemp-based dietary supplements and cosmetic products 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Hemp-based dietary supplements and marketing 11.2 Hemp active ingredients for dietary supplements 11.2.1 Hempseed oil 11.2.2 Hempseed proteins 11.2.3 Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids 11.3 Hemp-based cosmetic products 11.3.1 Hempseed oil 11.3.2 Hemp roots 11.3.3 Cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids 11.4 Challenges and opportunities 11.4.1 Genetic classification and psychoactive and nonpsychoactive cannabinoid content 11.4.2 Regulations and regulatory issues 11.4.3 Lacking body of knowledge and its consequences 11.4.4 Potential for abuse 11.4.5 Analytical requirements and challenges 11.5 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Industrial hemp by-product valorization 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hemp harvesting wastes 12.3 Hemp processing by-products and waste 12.3.1 Stalk processing by-products and waste 12.3.2 Seed processing by-products and wastes 12.3.3 Inflorescences processing by-products and waste 12.4 Valorization of hemp harvesting waste 12.4.1 Valorization of hemp lignocellulosic biomass 12.4.1.1 Hemp biomass pretreatment Chemical pretreatment Physical pretreatment Steam explosion Electron beam irradiation 12.4.1.2 Conversion of hemp biomass to biofuels Conversion of hemp biomass to bioethanol Conversion of hemp biomass to biomethane 12.4.1.3 Conversion of hemp biomass to succinic acid 12.4.1.4 Production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] from hemp biomass 12.4.2 Valorization of hemp roots 12.5 Valorization of hemp stalk processing by-products and wastes 12.5.1 Hurd valorization 12.5.1.1 Thermal valorization of hurds: Pyrolysis 12.5.1.2 Thermomechanical valorization of hemp hurds 12.5.1.3 Conversion of hurds to biofuels and other valuable biomolecules 12.6 Valorization of seed processing by-products and wastes 12.6.1 Valorization of threshing residues and plant residues 12.6.1.1 Valorization of threshing residues by cannabinoids extraction Pressurized liquid extraction Supercritical fluid extraction Subcritical fluid extraction Ultrasound-assisted extraction 12.6.1.2 Valorization of threshing residue by essential oil extraction Hydrodistillation Steam distillation Microwave-Assisted Extraction 12.6.2 Valorization of seed hulls 12.6.3 Valorization of hemp seed cake 12.6.3.1 Pre-extraction techniques Milling/grinding Fractionation Extrusion technology 12.6.3.2 Extraction technologies Ultrasound technology Microwave technology Pulsed electric field technology 12.7 Valorization of inflorescence processing waste 12.8 Challenges and opportunities 12.8.1 Hemp genotypes 12.8.2 Technologies for waste valorization 12.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 13 Industrial hemp in animal feed applications 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Industrial hemp as a sustainable animal feed raw material 13.3 The technological procedures for conversion of industrial hemp material into animal feed 13.3.1 Milling 13.3.2 The pelleting process 13.4 Utilization of industrial hemp by-products as animal feed 13.4.1 Hemp in pig nutrition 13.4.2 Hemp as poultry feed 13.4.3 Hemp as ruminant feed 13.4.3.1 Cattle 13.4.3.2 Sheep 13.4.3.3 Goats 13.4.4 Hemp as other animals feed (rabbits, fish, pets) 13.5 Challenges and opportunities 13.6 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Consumer trends and the consumption of industrial hemp-based products 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A history of hemp 14.3 A renewed interest in hemp 14.4 Hemp products 14.5 Communicating hemp: The need for a lasting narrative 14.5.1 Consumer perceptions of hemp: Considerations from the United States 14.6 Considerations for consumer behavior research References Index Back Cover