Yoga Philosophy Of Pata©łjali : Containing His Yoga Aphorisms With Vy℗asa's Commentary In Sanskrit And A Translation With Annotations Including Many Suggestions For The Practice Of Yoga

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Yoga Philosophy of Patañjali CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION INTRODUCTION Indian Philosophy of Liberation Yoga What It Is And What It Is Not Invocation of the Supreme Deity YOGA PHILOSOPHY OF PATAÑJALI Book I On Concentration Now Then Yoga Is Being Explained. 1. Yoga (1) Is the Suppression of the Modifications of the Mind. 2. Then the Seer Abides in Itself. 3. At Other Times The Seer Appears To Assume The Form Of The Modification Of The Mind. 4. They Fall Into Five Varieties Of Which Some Are 'Klista*' And The Rest 'Aklista*'. 5. Pramana*, Viparyaya, Vikalpa, Sleep And Recollection (1). 6. Perception, Inference And Testimony Constitute The Pramanas*(1). 7. Viparyaya Or Illusion Is False Knowledge Formed Of A Thing As Other Than What It Is. 8. The Modification Called 'Vikalpa' Is Based On Verbal Cognition In Regard To A Thing Which Does Not E... Dreamless Sleep Is The Mental Modification Produced By Condition Of Inertia As The State Of Vacuity ... Recollection Is Mental Modification Caused By Reproduction Of The Previous-Impression Of An Object W... By Practice And Detachment These Can Be Stopped. 12. Exertion To Acquire Sthiti Or A Tranquil State Of Mind Devoid Of Fluctuations Is Called Practice. 13... That Practice When Continued For A Long Time Without Break And With Devotion Becomes Firm In Foundat... When The Mind Loses All Desire For Objects Seen Or Described In the Scriptures It Acquires a State O... Indifference To The Gunas* Or The Constituent Principles Achieved Through A Knowledge Of The Nature ... When Concentration Is Reached With The Help Of Vitarka, Vichara*, Ananda* And Asmita*, It Is Called ... Asamprajnata-Samadhi* Is The Other Kind Of Samadhi Which Arises Through Constant Practice Of Para-Va... While In The Case Of The Videhas Or The Discarnates And Of The Prakrtilayas* Or Those Subsisting In ... Others (Who Follow The Path Of The Prescribed Effort) Adopt The Means Of Reverential Faith, Energy, ... Yogins With Intense Ardour Achieve Concentration And The Result Thereof Quickly. 21. On Account Of The Methods Being Slow, Medium And Speedy, Even Among Those Yogins Who Have Intense Ar... From Special Devotion To Isvara* Also (Concentration Becomes Imminent). 23. Isvara* Is A Particular Purusa* Unaffected By Affliction, Deed, Result Of Action Or The Latent Impre... In Him The Seed Of Omniscience Has Reached Its Utmost Development Which Cannot Be Exceeded. 25. The Teacher Of Former Teachers, Because With Him There Is No Limitation by Time (To His Omnipotence)... The Sacred Word Designating Him Is Pranava* Or The Mystic Syllable OM. 27. Repeat It And Contemplate Upon Its Meaning. 28. From That Comes Realisation Of The Individual Self (1) And the Obstacles Are Resolved. 29. Sickness, Incompetence, Doubt, Delusion, Sloth, Non-Abstention, Erroneous Conception, Non-Attainment... Sorrow, Dejection, Restlessness Of Body, Inhalation And Exhalation Arise From (Previous) Distraction... For Their Stoppage (i.e. Of Distractions) Practice Of (Concentration on) A Single Principle Should B... The Mind Becomes Purified By The Cultivation Of Feelings Of Amity, Compassion, Goodwill And Indiffer... By Exhaling And Restraining The Breath Also (The Mind Is Calmed). 34. The Development Of Higher Objective Perceptions Called Visayavati* (1) Also Brings About Tranquillit... Or by Perception Which Is Free From Sorrow And Is Radiant (1) (Stability Of Mind Can Also Be Produce... Or (Contemplating) On A Mind Which Is Free From Desires (The Devotee's Mind Gets Stabilised). 37. Or By Taking As The Object Of Meditation The Images Of Dreams Or the State Of Dreamless Sleep (The M... Or By Contemplating On! Whatsoever Thing One May Like (The Mind Becomes Stable). 39. When The Mind Develops The Power Of Stabilising On The Smallest Size As Well As On The Greatest One,... When The Fluctuations Of The Mind Are Weakened The Mind Appears To Take On The Features Of The Objec... The Engrossment, In Which There Is The Mixture of Word, Its. Meaning (i.e. The Object) And Its Knowl... When The Memory Is Purified, The Mind Appears To Be Devoid Of Its Own Nature (i.e. Of Reflective Con... By This (Foregoing) The Savichara* And Nirvichara* Engrossments Whose Objects Are Subtle Are Also Ex... Subtlety Pertaining To Objects Culminates In A-Linga* (1) Or The Unmanifested. 45. These Are The Only Kinds Of Objective Concentrations. 46. On Gaining Proficiency In Nirvichara*, Purity In The Inner Instruments Of Cognition Is Developed (1)... The Knowledge That Is Gained In That State Is Called Rtambhara* (Filled With Truth). 48. Is Different From That Derived From Testimony Or Through Inference, Because It Relates To Particular... The Latent Impression Born Of Such Knowledge (1) Is Opposed To The Formation Of Other Latent Impress... By The Stoppage Of That Too (On Account Of The Elimination Of The Latent Impressions Of Samprajnana*... Book II On Practice Tapas (Austerity Or Sturdy Self-Discipline—Mental, Moral And Physical), Svadhyaya* (Repetition Of Sa... For Bringing About Samadhi* And Minimising the Klesas*. 2. Avidya* (Misapprehension About The Real Nature Of Things), Asmita* (Egoism), Raga* (Attachment), Dve... Avidya* Is The Breeding Ground For The Others Whether They Be Dormant, Attenuated, Interrupted Or Ac... Avidya* Consists In Regarding A Transient Object As Everlasting, An Impure Object as Pure, Misery As... Asmita* Is Tantamount To The Identification Of Purusa* Or Pure Consciousness With Buddhi. 6. Attachment Is That (Modification) Which Follows Remembrance Of Pleasure. 7. Aversion Is That (Modification) Which Results From Misery. 8. As In The Ignorant So In The Learned The Firmly Established Inborn Fear Of Annihilation Is The Affli... The Subtle Kleéas Are Forsaken (i.e. Destroyed) By The Cessation Of Productivity (i.e. Disappearance... Their Means Of Subsistence Or Their Gross States Are Avoidable By Meditation. 11. Karmasaya* Or Latent Impression Of Action Based On Afflictions, Becomes Active in This Life Or In A ... How to effect destruction of latent impressions As Long As Klesa* Remains At The Root, Karmasaya* Produces Three Consequences In The Form Of Birth, ... Because Of Virtue And Vice These (Birth, Span And Experience) Produce Pleasurable And Painful Experi... The Discriminating Persons Apprehend (By Analysis And Anticipation) All Worldly Objects As Sorrowful... Pain Which Is Yet To Come Is To Be Discarded (1). 16. Uniting The Seer Or The Subject With The Seen Or The Object, Is The Cause Of That Which Has To Be Av... The Object Or Knowable Is By Nature Sentient, Mutable And Inert. It Exists In The Form Of The Elemen... Diversified (Visesa*), Undiversified (Avisesa*), Indicator-Only (Linga-Matra*), And That Which Is Wi... The Seer Is Absolute Knower*. Although Pure, Modifications (Of Buddhi) Are Witnessed By Him As An On... To Serve As Objective Field To Purusa* Is the Essence Or Nature Of The Knowable. 21. Although Ceasing To Exist In Relation To Him Whose Purpose Is Fulfilled The Knowable Does Not Cease ... Alliance Is The Means Of Realising The True Nature Of The Object Of The Knower And Of The Owner, The... Avidya* Or Nescience As Its Cause (1). 24. The Absence Of Alliance That Arises From Lack Of It Is The Freedom And That Is The State Of Liberati... Clear And Distinct (Unimpaired) Discriminative Knowledge Is The Means Of Liberation. 26. Seven Kinds Of Ultimate Insight Come To Him (The Yogin Who Has Acquired Discriminative Enlightenment... Through The Practice Of The Different Accessories To Yoga* When Impurities Are Destroyed, There Aris... Yama (Restraint), Niyama (Observance), Asana* (Posture), Pranayama* (Regulation Of Breath), Pratyaha... Ahimsa* (Non-Injury), Satya (Truth), Asteya (Abstention From Stealing), Brahmacharya (Continence) An... However, (Become A) Great Vow When They Become Universal, Being Unrestricted By Any Consideration Of... Cleanliness, Contentment, Austerity (Mental And Physical Discipline), Svadhyaya* (Study Of Scripture... When These Restraints And Observances Are Inhibited By Perverse Thoughts The Opposites Should Be Tho... Actions Arising Out Of Perverse Thoughts Like Injury Etc. Are Either Performed By Oneself, Got Done ... As The Yogin Becomes Established In Non-Injury, All Beings Coming Near Him Cease To Be Hostile. 35. When Truthfulness is Achieved (1) The Words (Of The Yogin) Acquire The Power Of Making Them Fruitful... When Non-Stealing Is Established All Jewels Present Themselves. 37. When Continence Is Established, Virya* Is Acquired. 38. On Attaining Perfection In Non-Acceptance, Knowledge Of Past And Future Existences Arises. 39. From The Practice Of Purification, Aversion Towards One's Own Body Is Developed And Thus Aversion Ex... Purification Of The Mind, Pleasantness Of Feeling, One-Pointedness, Subjugation Of The Senses And Ab... From Contentment Unsurpassed Happiness Is Gained. 42. Through Destruction Of Impurities, Practice Of Austerities Brings About Perfection Of The Body And T... From Study And Repetition Of The Mantras Communion With The Desired Deity Is Established. 44. From Devotion To God, Samadhi* Is Attained. 45. Motionless And Agreeable Form (Of Staying) Is Asana* (Yogic Posture). 46. By Relaxation Of Effort And Meditation On The Infinite (Asanas* Are Perfected). 47. From That Arises Immunity From Dvandvas Or Opposite Conditions. 48. That (Asana*) Having Been Perfected, Regulation Of The Flow Of Inhalation And Exhalation Is Pranayam... That (Pranayama*) Has External Operation (Vahya-Vrtti*), Internal Operation (Abhyantara-Vrtti*) And ... The Fourth Pranayama* Transcends External And Internal Operations (1). 51. By That The Veil Over Manifestation (Of Knowledge) Is Thinned. 52. The Mind Acquires Fitness For Dharana* (1). 53. When Separated From Their Corresponding Objects, The Organs Follow, As It Were, The Nature Of The Mi... That Brings Supreme Control Of The Organs. 55. Book III Supernormal Powers Dharana* Is The Mind's (Chitta's) Fixation On A Particular Point In Space. 1. In That (Dharana*) The Continuous Flow Of Similar Mental Modifications Is Called Dhyana* Or Meditati... When the Object Of Meditation Only Shines Forth In The Mind, As Though Devoid Of The Thought Of Even... The Three Together On The Same Object Is Called Samyama*. 4. By Mastering That, The Light Of Knowledge (Prajna*) Dawns. 5. It (Samyama*) Is To Be Applied To The Stages (Of Practice). 6. These Three Are More Intimate Practices Than The Previously Mentioned Ones. 7. That Also Is (To Be Regarded As) External In Respect Of Nirvija* Or Seedless Concentration. 8. Suppression Of The Latencies Of Fluctuation And Appearance Of The Latencies Of Arrested State Taking... Continuity (1) Of The Tranquil Mind (In An Arrested State) Is Ensured By Its Latent Impressions. 10.... Diminution Of Attention To All And Sundry And Development Of One-Pointedness Is Called Samadhi-Parin... There (In Samadhi*) Again (In The State Of Concentration) The Past And The Present Modifications Bei... By These Are Explained The Three Changes, Viz. Of Essential Attributes Or Characteristics, Of Tempor... That Which Continues Its Existence All Through The Varying Characteristics, Namely The Quiscent, i.e... Change Of Sequence (Of Characteristics) Is The Cause Of Mutative Differences. 15. Knowledge Of The Past And The Future Can Be Derived Through Samyama* On The Three Parinamas* (Change... Word, Object Implied and the idea Thereof Overlapping, Produce One Unified Impression. If Samyama* I... By The Realisation Of Latent Impressions, Knowledge Of Previous Birth Is Acquired (l). 18. (By Practising Samyama*) On Notions, Knowledge Of Other Minds Is Developed. 19. The Prop (Or Basis) Of The Notion Does Not Get Known Because That Is Not The Object Of The (Yogin's)... When Perceptibility Of The Body Is Suppressed By Practising Samyama* On Its Visual Character, Disapp... Karma Is Either Fast Or Slow In Fructifying. By Practising Samyama* On Karma Or On Portents, Fore-Kn... Through Samyama* On Friendliness (Amity) And Other Similar Virtues, Strength Is Obtained Therein. 23... By Practising Samyama* On (Physical) Strength, The Strength Of Elephants Etc. Can Be Acquired. 24. By Applying The Effulgent Light Of The Higher Sense-Perception (Jyotismatl*) Knowledge Of Subtle Obj... (By Practising Samyama*) On The Sun (The Point In The Body Known As The Solar Entrance) The Knowledg... (By Practising Samyama*) On The Moon (The Lunar Entrance) Knowledge Of The Arrangements Of Stars Is ... (By Practising Samyama*) On The Pole-Star, Motion Of The Stars Is known. 28. (By Practising Samyama*) On The Navel Plexus, Knowledge Of The Composition Of The Body Is Derived. 2... (By Practising Samyama*) On The Trachea, Hunger And Thirst Can Be Subdued. 30. Calmness Is Attained By Samyama* On The Bronchial Tube. 31. (By Practising Samyama*) On The Coronal Light, Siddhas Can Be Seen. 32. From Knowledge Known as Pratibha* (Intuition), Everything Becomes Known. 33. (By Practising Samyama*) On The Heart, Knowledge Of The Mind Is Acquired. 34. Experience (Of Pleasure Or Pain) Arises From A Conception Which Does Not Distinguish Between The Two... Thence (From The Kuowledge Of Purusa*) Arise Pratibha* (Prescience), Sravana* (Supernormal Power Of ... They (These Powers) Are Impediments To Samadhi*, But Are Acquisitions In A Normal Fluctuating State ... When The Cause Of Bondage Gets Weakened And The Movements Of The Mind Are Known, The Mind Can Get In... By Conquering The Vital Force Called Udana* The Chance Of Immersion In Water Or Mud, Or Entanglement... By Conquering The Vital Force Called Samana*, Effulgence Is Acquired. 40. By Samyama* On The Relationship Between Akasa* And The Power Of Hearing, Divine Sense Of Hearing Is ... By Practising Samyama* On The Relationship Between The Body And Akasa* And By Concentrating On The L... When The Unimagined Conception Can Be Held Outside, i.e. Unconnected With The Body, It Is Called Mah... By Samyama* On The Grossness, The Essential Character, The Subtlety, The Inherence And The Objective... Thence Develop The Power Of Minification And Other Bodily Acquisitions. There Is Also No Resistance ... Perfection Of Body Consists In Beanty, Grace, Strength And Adamantine Hardness. 46. By Samyama* On The Receptivity, Essential Character, I-sense, Inherent Quality And Objectiveness Of ... Thence Come Powers Of Rapid Movement As Of The Mind, Action Of Organs Independent Of The Body And Ma... To One Established In The Discernment Between Buddhi And Purusa* Come Supremacy Over All Beings And ... By Renunciation Of That (Visoka* Attainment) Even, Comes Liberation On Account Of The Destruction Of... When Invited By The Celestial Beings That Invitation Should Not Be Accepted Nor Should It Cause Vani... Differentiating Knowledge Of The Self And The Non-Self Comes From Practising Samyama* On Moment And ... When Species, Temporal Character And Position Of Two Different Things Being Indiscernible They Look ... Knowledge Of Discernment Is Taraka* Or Intuitional, Is Comprehensive Of All Things And Of All Times ... When Equality Is Established Between Buddhi-Sattva And Purusa* In Their Purity, Liberation Takes Pla... Book IV On the Self-in-Itself or Liberation Supernormal Powers Come With Birth Or Are Attained Through Herbs, Incantations, Austerities Or Conce... Takes Place Through The Filling In Of Their Innate Nature. 2. Causes Do Not Put The Nature Into Motion, Only The Removal Of Obstacles Takes Place Through Them. Th... All Created Minds Are Constructed From Pure I-sense. 4. One (Principal) Mind Directs The Many Crated Minds In The Varietty Of Their Activities. 5. Of These (Minds With Supernormal Powers) Those Obtained Through Meditation Are Without Any Sublimina... The Actions Of Yogins Are Neither White Nor Black, Whereas The Actions Of Others Are Of Three Kinds.... Thence (From The Other Three Varieties Of Karma) Are Manifested The Subconscious Impressions Appropr... On Account Of Similarity Between Memory And Corresponding Latent Impressions, The Subconscious Impre... Desire For Self-Welfare Being Everlasting It Follows That The Subconscious Impression From Which It ... On Account Of Being Held Together By Cause, Result, Refuge And Supporting Object, Vasana* Disappears... The Past And The Future Are In Reality Present In Their Fundamental Forms, There Being Only Differen... Characteristics, Which Are Present At All Times, Are Manifest And Subtle, And Are Composed Of The Th... On Account Of The Co-Ordinated Mutation Of The Three Gunas*, An Object Appears As A Unit. 14. In Spite Of Sameness Of Objects, On Account Of There Being Separate Minds They (The Object And Its K... Object Is Not Dependent On One Mind, Because If It Were So, Then What Will Happen When It Is Not Cog... External Objects Are Known Or Unknown To The Mind According As They Colour The Mind. 17. On Account Of The Immutability Of Purusa* Who Is Master Of The Mind, The Modifications Of The Mind A... It (Mind) Is Not Self-Illuminating Being An Object (Knowable). 19. Besides, Both (The Mind And Its Objects) Cannot Be Cognised Simultaneously. 20. If The Mind Were To Be Illumined By Another Mind Then There Will Be Repetition Ad Infinitum Of Illum... (Though) Untransmissible The Metempiric Consciousness Getting The Likeness (1) Of Buddhi Becomes The... The Mind-Stuff Being Affected By The Seer And The Seen, Is All-Comprehensive (1). 23. That (The Mind) Though Variegated By Innumerable Subconscious Impressions Exists For Another Since I... For One Who Has Realised The Distinctive Entity, i.e. Purusa* (Mentioned In The Previous Aphorism), ... (Then) The Mind Inclines Towards Discriminative Knowledge And Naturally Gravitates Towards The State... Through Its Breaches (i.e. Breaks In Discriminative Knowledge) Arise Other Fluctuations Of The Mind ... It Has Been Said That Their Removal (i.e. Of Fluctuations) Follows The Same Process As the Removal O... When One Becomes Disinterested Even In Omniscience One Attains Perpetual Discriminative Enlightenmen... From That Afflictions And Actions Cease. 30. Then On Account Of The Infinitude Of Knowledge, Freed From The Cover Of All Impurities, The Knowable... After The Emergence Of That (Virtue-Pouring Cloud) The Gunas* Having Fulfilled Their Purpose, The Se... What Belongs To The Moments (1) And Is Indicated By The Completion Of A Particular Mutation Is Seque... The State Of The Self-In-Itself Or Liberation Is Realised When The Gunas* (Having Provided For The E... APPENDIX Appendix A Jnana-Yoga* or Practice of Yoga Through Self-Consciousness* Appendix B Tattvas And Their Realisation* Appendix C The Doctrine of Karma* Definition Of Karma Samskara* Or Latent Impressions Of Karma Karmasaya* Vasana* Fruits Of Karma Jati* (Birth Or Assuming The Body In A Particular Species) Ayus* Or Span Of Life Bhoga Or Experience Virtuous And Vicious Acts Fructification Of Karma—Internal And External Factors Application Of The Rules Of Karma Appendix D Collection of Yoga Aphorisms Book I On Concentration Book II On Practice Book III Supernormal Powers Book IV On the Self-In-Itself or Liberation Appendix E Glossary of Sanskrit Words GLOSSARY A B C D E G H I J K L M N P R S T U V Y INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y