Disability in American Life: An Encyclopedia of Concepts, Policies, and Controversies

Description

Disability—as with other marginalized topics in social policy—is at risk for exclusion from social debate. This multivolume reference work provides an overview of challenges and opportunities for people with disabilities and their families at all stages of life. Once primarily thought of as a medical issue, disability is now more widely recognized as a critical issue of identity, personhood, and social justice. By discussing challenges confronting people with disabilities and their families and by collecting numerous accounts of disability experiences, this volume firmly situates disability within broader social movements, policy, and areas of marginalization, providing a critical examination into the lived experiences of people with disabilities and how disability can affect identity. A foundational introduction to disability for a wide audience—from those intimately connected with a person with a disability to those interested in the science behind disability—this collection covers all aspects of disability critical to understanding disability in the United States. Topics covered include characteristics of disability; disability concepts, models, and theories; important historical developments and milestones for people with disabilities; prominent individuals, organizations, and agencies; notable policies and services; and intersections of disability policy with other policy. Features Takes an interdisciplinary approach to studying disability in America Traces the evolution of U.S. attitudes and policies towards disability through primary documents featuring context-setting headnotes Provides easy reference via a glossary of terms related to disability studies, including those in the areas of law, health, arts, and culture Includes contributions from major scholars across disciplines involved in the study of disability Cover......Page 1 About the pagination of this eBook......Page 2 Contents......Page 7 Foreword......Page 15 Preface......Page 19 Acknowledgments......Page 23 Introduction......Page 25 Disability Experiences, Art, and Cultures......Page 29 Rights, Law, and Social Justice......Page 30 Work and Education......Page 31 Chronology......Page 33 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Ableism......Page 39 Abuse......Page 43 Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)......Page 47 Addiction......Page 50 African Americans with Disabilities......Page 53 Aging......Page 55 Alternative and Augmentative Communication......Page 57 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)......Page 62 Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT)......Page 65 Anthropology......Page 69 Apprenticeships......Page 72 Arab Americans with Disabilities......Page 74 Art Therapy......Page 78 Asian-Pacific Americans (APA) with Disabilities......Page 82 Assistive Technology......Page 86 Assistive Technology, Use of in Minority Communities......Page 90 Behavioral Interventions in the Classroom......Page 95 Bioethics......Page 100 Blind Education and Braille......Page 105 Body Enhancement......Page 108 Bullying, Youth, and Disability......Page 111 Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace......Page 115 Business of Disability......Page 118 Campus Activism......Page 121 Care Coordination and the Medical Home......Page 123 Caregivers and Care Recipients......Page 126 Case Management......Page 131 Centers for Independent Living......Page 134 Charter Schools......Page 137 Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs......Page 140 Citizenship......Page 143 Classroom Accommodations......Page 150 Coalitions and Interest Groups......Page 152 Colonialism......Page 155 Comedy......Page 159 Comics......Page 162 Communication......Page 165 Community......Page 168 Community Living and Community Integration......Page 172 Contemporary Art......Page 177 Criminal Justice System and Incarceration......Page 180 Crip and Crip Culture......Page 185 Critical Disability Studies......Page 187 Cultural Competency and Employment......Page 190 Culturally Responsive Teaching......Page 195 Curriculum and Differentiated Instruction......Page 198 Customized Employment......Page 201 Dance......Page 206 Deaf Culture......Page 209 Deaf President Now Protest at Gallaudet (1988)......Page 213 Deinstitutionalization......Page 215 Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act......Page 220 Direct Service Workforce......Page 223 Disability and Performance in Everyday Life......Page 227 Disability Demography......Page 229 Disability Justice......Page 233 Disability Oppression......Page 236 Disability Protests......Page 238 Disability Rights Movement (DRM)......Page 240 Disability Rights Movement (DRM), History and Development of......Page 244 Disability Studies......Page 249 Disability Studies in Higher Education......Page 251 Disclosure and Self-Identification......Page 255 Discrimination and Microaggressions......Page 258 Diversity......Page 261 Dual Eligibility......Page 264 Early Childhood Interventions......Page 268 Embodiment......Page 273 Emergency Preparedness......Page 276 Employer Attitudes......Page 282 Employment, Barriers to......Page 286 Employment First......Page 291 Ethics......Page 293 Ethics of Care......Page 299 Eugenics......Page 301 Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)......Page 305 Family Caregivers and Health......Page 310 Family Support Movements......Page 312 Fat Studies......Page 317 Feminist Disability Theory......Page 320 Fine Arts......Page 323 Food......Page 325 Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)......Page 330 Friendship and the Best Buddies Program......Page 333 Functional Behavioral Assessment......Page 335 Gender Roles......Page 341 Genetic Screening......Page 344 Globalization......Page 347 Group Homes......Page 352 Guardianship and Capacity......Page 356 Health and Fitness, Access to......Page 361 Health Care, Barriers to for Minorities......Page 365 Health Care Provider Activism......Page 368 Health Determinants......Page 371 Health Disparities......Page 374 Health Insurance......Page 377 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 383 Hispanic and Latino Americans with Disabilities......Page 388 Historical and Outdated Terminology......Page 391 Identity......Page 397 Immigrants and Refugees......Page 399 Inclusive Education......Page 406 Inclusive Language as Advocacy......Page 408 Independent Living......Page 413 Individualism and Independence......Page 418 Individualized Education Program (IEP)......Page 421 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)......Page 427 (In)Exclusion in Education......Page 432 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)......Page 436 Intersectionality of Race, Gender, and Disability......Page 439 Language......Page 444 L’Arche......Page 448 Learning Disabilities......Page 451 Least Restrictive Environment......Page 458 Least Restrictive Environment, Experience of People with Disabilities and Their Families......Page 462 Life Expectancy......Page 468 Life Writing......Page 469 Title......Page 475 Copyright......Page 476 Contents......Page 477 Madness, Mad Studies, and Psychiatric Survivors......Page 485 Managed Long-Term Services and Supports (MLTSS)......Page 489 Maternal and Child Health......Page 492 Medicaid......Page 494 Medical Education......Page 500 Medical Paternalism......Page 504 Medicalization......Page 510 Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities......Page 516 Mental Health Narratives......Page 518 Mental Health Self-Help and Support Groups......Page 522 Minority-Owned Businesses, Partnerships with......Page 527 Mobile Technology......Page 530 Modernism......Page 533 Mothers with Disabilities......Page 535 Museums......Page 537 Natural Supports......Page 541 Neoliberalism......Page 543 Normalization and Discipline......Page 545 “Nothing about Us without Us”......Page 549 Occupational Therapy......Page 553 Olmstead v. L. C. (1999)......Page 558 Online Social and Professional Networks and Work......Page 561 Paralympics......Page 564 Paraprofessionals......Page 568 Personal Care Attendant Services......Page 572 Physical Therapy......Page 577 Poetry......Page 581 Poverty......Page 584 Prenatal Testing/Selective Abortion......Page 587 Preventive Health Care......Page 591 Primary Care, Barriers to......Page 593 Public Health......Page 599 Public Transportation......Page 601 Quality of Life......Page 607 Queer Identity and Politics......Page 611 Race and Mental Health......Page 616 Schoolwide Systems of Supports......Page 620 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act......Page 623 Self-Advocacy and Health Literacy......Page 626 Self-Advocacy Movement......Page 630 Self-Determination, Concept and Policy......Page 632 Self-Determination in Education......Page 634 Self-Identification and Self-Diagnosis for Autism......Page 638 Service Animals......Page 642 Sexual Violence......Page 646 Sexuality Education for People with Intellectual Disabilities......Page 649 Siblings......Page 651 Sign Language Interpreters......Page 654 Social Capital......Page 658 Social Model of Disability......Page 660 Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)......Page 665 Sociology......Page 669 Special Education......Page 672 Special Education, Role of the Family in......Page 677 Speech-Language Pathology......Page 680 Spirituality......Page 684 Stigma......Page 688 Supported Employment......Page 692 Supportive Housing......Page 697 Theater......Page 701 Therapeutic Recreation......Page 704 Therapist, Role in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)......Page 708 Transition from High School......Page 711 Transitional Experiences of Students with Disabilities......Page 717 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities......Page 721 Universal Design......Page 726 Urban Education......Page 729 U.S. International Relations......Page 733 Veterans......Page 737 Vocational Evaluation......Page 741 Vocational Rehabilitation......Page 745 Voting Rights......Page 748 Welfare to Work......Page 752 Wellness and Health Promotion......Page 755 Workers’ Cooperatives......Page 758 Youth with Disabilities, Employment of......Page 762 Muhammad Ali (1942–2016)......Page 767 Nura Aly......Page 768 Patty Berne......Page 769 Marca Bristo......Page 770 Lydia X. Z. Brown......Page 771 Lawrence Carter-Long......Page 772 Judi Chamberlin (d. 2010)......Page 773 Eli Clare......Page 774 Diane Coleman......Page 775 Kitty Cone (1944–2015)......Page 776 Vladimir Cuk......Page 777 Justin Dart Jr. (1930–2002)......Page 778 Peter Dinklage......Page 779 Tammy Duckworth (1968–)......Page 780 Roger Ebert (1942–2013)......Page 782 Fred Fay (1944–2011)......Page 783 Haben Girma......Page 784 Temple Grandin (1947–)......Page 785 Laura Hershey (1962–2010)......Page 786 Judy Heumann......Page 787 Stevie and Annie Hopkins......Page 788 Roland Johnson (d. 1994)......Page 789 Bob Kafka......Page 790 Further Reading......Page 791 Riva Lehrer......Page 792 Victoria Ann Lewis......Page 793 Paul Longmore (d. 2010)......Page 794 Marlee Matlin......Page 795 Tatyana McFadden......Page 796 Mia Mingus......Page 798 Further Reading......Page 799 Ari Ne’eman......Page 800 Tia Nelis......Page 801 Susan Nussbaum......Page 802 Corbett O’Toole......Page 803 Michael Phelps......Page 804 Victor Pineda......Page 805 Christopher Reeve (1952–2004)......Page 806 Ed Roberts (1939–1995)......Page 807 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945)......Page 808 Amber Smock......Page 809 Vilissa Thompson......Page 810 Harriet Tubman (1822–1913)......Page 811 Nancy Ward......Page 812 Stevie Wonder (1950–)......Page 813 Further Reading......Page 815 Further Reading......Page 816 Introduction......Page 817 Drapetomania, or the Disease Causing Negroes to Run Away......Page 818 Introduction......Page 819 Introduction......Page 820 Introduction......Page 821 Introduction......Page 824 Introduction......Page 825 Introduction......Page 826 Introduction......Page 827 Introduction......Page 829 Introduction......Page 831 Introduction......Page 832 Introduction......Page 835 Sec. 2. Findings; Purpose; Policy......Page 836 Introduction......Page 837 Introduction......Page 839 Introduction......Page 841 Introduction......Page 843 Introduction......Page 845 Introduction......Page 847 Introduction......Page 850 Introduction......Page 851 Introduction......Page 853 Introduction......Page 858 138 F.3d 893, affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.......Page 859 Introduction......Page 862 Executive Summary......Page 865 Introduction......Page 866 Introduction......Page 870 Introduction......Page 875 Endnotes......Page 878 Introduction......Page 879 Introduction......Page 882 Introduction......Page 887 Introduction......Page 890 Why Is Disability and Health Important?......Page 894 Understanding Disability and Health......Page 895 Introduction......Page 896 Introduction......Page 898 Concepts of functioning and disability......Page 899 Glossary......Page 901 Annotated Resource List......Page 907 Contributors......Page 933 Index......Page 941