Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction

Description

Materials Science and shit, you know. Its like chem but really specific. Metals and plastic and stuff. Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Preface Acknowledgments Contents List of Symbols 1. Introduction Learning Objectives 1.1 Historical Perspective 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? Case Study—Liberty Ship Failures 1.4 Classification of Materials Case Study—Carbonated Beverage Containers 1.5 Advanced Materials 1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs Summary References 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 2.4 The Periodic Table ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding Materials of Importance—Water (Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) 2.8 Mixed Bonding 2.9 Molecules 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 3.3 Unit Cells 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 3.5 Density Computations 3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy Material of Importance—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 3.7 Crystal Systems CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 3.8 Point Coordinates 3.9 Crystallographic Directions 3.10 Crystallographic Planes 3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 3.13 Single Crystals 3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 3.15 Anisotropy 3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 3.17 Noncrystalline Solids Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 4. Imperfections in Solids Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction POINT DEFECTS 4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 4.3 Impurities in Solids 4.4 Specification of Composition MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects 4.6 Interfacial Defects Materials of Importance—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 4.8 Atomic Vibrations MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 4.10 Microscopic Techniques 4.11 Grain-Size Determination Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 5. Diffusion Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 5.3 Fick’s First Law 5.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials Materials of Importance—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 5.7 Other Diffusion Paths Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 6. Mechanical Properties of Metals Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain ELASTIC DEFORMATION 6.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 6.4 Anelasticity 6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials PLASTIC DEFORMATION 6.6 Tensile Properties 6.7 True Stress and Strain 6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation 6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 6.10 Hardness PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 6.11 Variability of Material Properties 6.12 Design/Safety Factors Summary Important Terms and Concepts References 7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 7.2 Basic Concepts 7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 7.4 Slip Systems 7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 7.7 Deformation by Twinning MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 7.10 Strain Hardening RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 7.11 Recovery 7.12 Recrystallization 7.13 Grain Growth Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 8. Failure Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction FRACTURE 8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 8.3 Ductile Fracture 8.4 Brittle Fracture 8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing FATIGUE 8.7 Cyclic Stresses 8.8 The S–N Curve 8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation 8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 8.11 Environmental Effects CREEP 8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior 8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects 8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods 8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature Use Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 9. Phase Diagrams Learning Objectives 9.1 Introduction DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 9.2 Solubility Limit 9.3 Phases 9.4 Microstructure 9.5 Phase Equilibria 9.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys Materials of Importance—Lead-Free Solders 9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule THE IRON–CARBON SYSTEM 9.18 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 10. Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties Learning Objectives 10.1 Introduction PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 10.2 Basic Concepts 10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 10.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON–CARBON ALLOYS 10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 10.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 10.8 Tempered Martensite 10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron Carbon Alloys Materials of Importance—Shape-Memory Alloys Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 11.2 Ferrous Alloys 11.3 Nonferrous Alloys Materials of Importance—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins FABRICATION OF METALS 11.4 Forming Operations 11.5 Casting 11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 11.7 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 11.8 Annealing Processes 11.9 Heat Treatment of Steels 11.10 Precipitation Hardening Summary Important Terms and Concepts References 12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction CERAMIC STRUCTURES 12.2 Crystal Structures 12.3 Silicate Ceramics 12.4 Carbon 12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials 12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 12.9 Stress–Strain Behavior 12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics Learning Objectives 13.1 Introduction TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS 13.2 Glasses 13.3 Glass–Ceramics 13.4 Clay Products 13.5 Refractories 13.6 Abrasives 13.7 Cements 13.8 Ceramic Biomaterials 13.9 Carbons 13.10 Advanced Ceramics FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 13.11 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass–Ceramics 13.12 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 13.13 Powder Pressing 13.14 Tape Casting 13.15 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials Summary Important Terms and Concepts References 14. Polymer Structures Learning Objectives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 14.3 Polymer Molecules 14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 14.5 Molecular Weight 14.6 Molecular Shape 14.7 Molecular Structure 14.8 Molecular Configurations 14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 14.10 Copolymers 14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 14.12 Polymer Crystals 14.13 Defects in Polymers 14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers Learning Objectives 15.1 Introduction MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS 15.2 Stress–Strain Behavior 15.3 Macroscopic Deformation 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 15.5 Fracture of Polymers 15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers Materials of Importance—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 15.9 Deformation of Elastomers CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS-TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 15.10 Crystallization 15.11 Melting 15.12 The Glass Transition 15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures POLYMER TYPES 15.15 Plastics Materials of Importance—Phenolic Billiard Balls 15.16 Elastomers 15.17 Fibers 15.18 Miscellaneous Applications 15.19 Polymeric Biomaterials 15.20 Advanced Polymeric Materials POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 15.21 Polymerization 15.22 Polymer Additives 15.23 Forming Techniques for Plastics 15.24 Fabrication of Elastomers 15.25 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 15.26 3D Printing of Polymers Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 16. Composites Learning Objectives 16.1 Introduction PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 16.2 Large-Particle Composites 16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 16.6 The Fiber Phase 16.7 The Matrix Phase 16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 16.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 16.12 Hybrid Composites 16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 16.14 Laminar Composites 16.15 Sandwich Panels Case Study—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 16.16 Nanocomposites Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials Learning Objectives 17.1 Introduction CORROSION OF METALS 17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 17.3 Corrosion Rates 17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 17.5 Passivity 17.6 Environmental Effects 17.7 Forms of Corrosion 17.8 Corrosion Environments 17.9 Corrosion Prevention 17.10 Oxidation CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 17.11 Swelling and Dissolution 17.12 Bond Rupture 17.13 Weathering Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 18. Electrical Properties Learning Objectives 18.1 Introduction ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 18.2 Ohm’s Law 18.3 Electrical Conductivity 18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 18.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 18.7 Electron Mobility 18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys SEMICONDUCTIVITY 18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 18.14 The Hall Effect 18.15 Semiconductor Devices ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 18.18 Capacitance 18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 18.20 Types of Polarization 18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 18.22 Dielectric Strength 18.23 Dielectric Materials OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 18.24 Ferroelectricity 18.25 Piezoelectricity Material of Importance—Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 19. Thermal Properties Learning Objectives 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Heat Capacity 19.3 Thermal Expansion Materials of Importance—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 19.4 Thermal Conductivity 19.5 Thermal Stresses Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 20. Magnetic Properties Learning Objectives 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Basic Concepts 20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 20.4 Ferromagnetism 20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 20.7 Domains and Hysteresis 20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials Materials of Importance—An Iron–Silicon Alloy Used in Transformer Cores 20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 20.11 Magnetic Storage 20.12 Superconductivity Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 21. Optical Properties Learning Objectives 21.1 Introduction BASIC CONCEPTS 21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 21.3 Light Interactions with Solids 21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS 21.5 Refraction 21.6 Reflection 21.7 Absorption 21.8 Transmission 21.9 Color 21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA 21.11 Luminescence 21.12 Photoconductivity Materials of Importance—Light-Emitting Diodes 21.13 Lasers 21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References 22. Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering Learning Objectives 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Environmental and Societal Considerations 22.3 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering Materials of Importance—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics Summary References Questions and Problems Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials B.1 Density B.2 Modulus of Elasticity B.3 Poisson’s Ratio B.4 Strength and Ductility B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion B.7 Thermal Conductivity B.8 Specific Heat B.9 Electrical Resistivity B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials Glossary Index EULA