Low energy particle accelerator-based technologies and their applications

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author 1. Low Energy Particle Accelerators and Laboratories 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electrostatic Accelerators 1.2.1 Cockcroft-Walton and Other DC Accelerators 1.2.2 Accelerator-Based X-Ray Sources 1.2.3 Van de Graaff Accelerator - Single Stage Machine 1.2.3.1 Tandem Accelerator 1.2.4 Pelletron 1.3 The Cyclotron 1.4 Linear Accelerators 1.5 Electron Machine: Betatron 1.6 Some Examples of Laboratories 1.6.1 T. W. Bonner Laboratories, Rice University, Houston, Texas (1953-1994) 1.6.2 USA 1.6.3 iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa 1.6.4 Accelerators in Europe (EU) 1.6.5 Accelerators in the UK 1.6.6 Accelerators in Asia Pacific Region 1.6.7 Examples of Transfers 1.6.7.1 Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA → Institute Ruder Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia (personal point of view) 1.6.7.2 Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA → UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico 1.6.7.3 EN Tandem from Canberra, Australia to Gracefield, New Zealand 1.6.8 Role of the IAEA 1.7 Accelerator Manufacturers 1.7.1 National Electrostatic Corporation 1.7.2 PMB - Alcen, France 1.7.3 High Voltage Engineering Corp., USA (1946-2005) 1.7.4 High Voltage Engineering Europa B.V. 1.7.5 DANFYSIK 1.7.6 AccSys Technology - A Hitachi Subsidiary Note References Additional reading 2. Medical and Biological Applications of Low Energy Accelerators 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Radioisotope Production 2.3 Positron Emission Tomography 2.4 Radiotherapy 2.5 Brachytherapy 2.5.1 Prostate Brachytherapy 2.5.2 Brachytherapy to the Cervix, Womb or Vagina 2.6 Proton Therapy 2.7 Equipment Manufacturers 2.7.1 Varian, A Siemens Healthineers Company 2.7.2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 2.7.3 Elekta, Sweden 2.7.4 IBA, Belgium 2.7.5 SUMITOMO Heavy Industries, Ltd (SHI), Japan 2.7.6 TeamBest®, USA 2.8 AMIT Project 2.9 Biomaterials 2.10 Trace Elements 2.10.1 PIXE Analysis of Biological Material 2.10.2 AMS Analysis of Biological Material 2.10.3 Live Cell Imaging References Additional reading 3. Ion Beam Analysis: Analytical Applications 3.1 Introductory Remarks 3.2 Ion Sources 3.3 Proton Induced X-Ray Emission 3.3.1 PIXE/RBS/PIGE Scattering Chamber 3.3.2 Target Preparation 3.4 Proton-Induced Gamma-Ray Emission 3.5 Nuclear Reaction Analysis 3.5.1 Hydrogen 3.5.2 Helium 3.5.3 Lithium 3.5.4 Beryllium 3.5.5 Boron 3.5.6 Carbon 3.5.7 Nitrogen 3.5.8 Oxygen 3.5.9 Fluorine 3.5.10 Other Elements 3.5.11 Stopping Power 3.5.12 Concentration Profile Measurements 3.6 Rutherford Backscattering 3.7 Channeling 3.8 Microprobe Techniques 3.9 Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy, STIM 3.10 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 3.10.1 Experimental Arrangements 3.10.2 AMS and Cosmocronology 3.10.2.1 10Be 3.10.2.2 14C 3.10.2.3 26Al 3.10.2.4 36Cl 3.10.2.5 41Ca 3.10.2.6 129I 3.10.3 AMS in Geophysics, Geology and Mineralogy 3.11 QA/QC Procedures: Reference Materials References Additional reading 4. Industrial Applications 4.1 Introductory Remarks 4.2 Radiation Processing by Electron Beams 4.2.1 Electron Beam Modification of Semiconductor Devices 4.2.2 Applications to Coal Burning Power Stations 4.2.2.1 Cleaning Flue Gases by Electron Beams 4.2.2.2 PIXE and PIGE Applications to Coal Burning Power Stations 4.2.3 Food Irradiation 4.2.4 Radiation Sterilization 4.3 Electron Beam Welding 4.4 Other Applications 4.5 Ion Implantation 4.6 Ion Beam Modification of Materials 4.7 Ion Beam Analysis of Materials 4.8 Micromechanical Manufacture 4.9 Cluster Ion Beams and Applications 4.10 Thin Layer Activation 4.11 PET Applications in Industry 4.12 Accelerators in Automobile Industry References Additional reading 5. Miscellaneous Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Accelerator Applications in Security 5.3 Cargo Inspection 5.3.1 Detection of Explosives 5.4 Nuclear Monitoring and Safeguards Activity 5.4.1 Neutron Radiography 5.5 Cultural Heritage 5.6 Environment Protection 5.6.1 Radiation Treatment of Wastewater, Ballast Tank Waters and Sediments 5.6.2 Radiation Processing of Sewage Sludge 5.7 Neutral Particle Beams References Additional reading 6. New Trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Accelerator-Driven System 6.3 Single Event Effects 6.3.1 Single Event Upsets in Logic and Memory Devices 6.3.2 Effects of Single Ions on Living Cells 6.4 Micromachining 6.5 New Developments in Medicine 6.6 Tabletop Particle Accelerators: Laser Plasma Accelerators 6.7 Autonomous Particle Accelerators 6.8 New Electron Sources 6.8.1 Diamond Field-Emitter Array (DFEA) 6.8.2 Halide Perovskites References Index