Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge and Soils

Description

This book provides an authoritative overview of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge and soils. It traces the latest research and new trends on the characterization, removal and treatment of such pollutants in urban and industrial sewage sludge and soils. The book covers topics such as antibiotic resistance, fate and environmental impact of contaminants of emerging concern, environmental transmission of human pathogenic viruses and their effect on soil, and the repercussion of various emerging pollutants on biodiversity. It also offers a case study of the epidemiology-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sludge. The book appeals not only to researchers and professionals working with emerging contaminants, but also to policy makers and a broader audience interested in learning more about the effects of these contaminants in human and environmental health. Series Preface Preface Contents Biotic and Abiotic Contamination Due to Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge and Soils: A Country-Based Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge 2.1 Emerging Pollutants of Abiotic Origin in Sewage Sludge 2.2 Emerging Pollutants of Biotic Origin in Sewage Sludge 3 Emerging Pollutants in Soils 3.1 Emerging Pollutants of Abiotic Origin in Soils 3.2 Emerging Pollutants of Biotic Origin in Soils 4 Overall Situation and Perspectives References Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in Sewage Sludge and Soils: Distribution and Environmental Risk Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Occurrence of PhCs and Metabolites Alongside Sludge Stabilization Treatments 3 Distribution of PhCs and Metabolites in Soil 4 Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites in Soil 5 Conclusions and Future Trends References Microplastics in Soils as a Source of Pollution and Environmental Risk 1 Introduction 1.1 General Framework of Plastic Composition and Uses 2 Microplastics 3 Pathways of Occurrence in Soils 4 Environmental Risks 5 Introduction to Analysis of Microplastics in Soils 6 Conclusions and Future Trends References Environmental Transmission of Human Pathogens Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the Effect on Soil and Aquatic Ecosystem: A Biolo... 1 Introduction 2 General Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 3 Chances of Survival of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Environmental Circumstances 4 Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Virus, with Main Focus on Soil and Aquatic Ecosystems 5 Transmission Route of SARS-CoV-2 into Aquatic Systems 6 Transmission Route of SARS-CoV-2 into the Soil System 7 Interaction Between Soil-SARS-CoV-2 and Water-SARS-CoV-2: A Metagenomic Overview 7.1 Bioinformatic Tools in Recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from Soil and Aquatic Systems 7.2 Robotics in Recovery of Soil and Aquatic Systems 7.3 Disinfection Methods and Techniques Used for Wastewater Treatment 7.3.1 Chlorine Gas 7.3.2 Chlorination 7.3.3 Chloramines 7.3.4 Ozone 7.3.5 Ultraviolet Light 7.3.6 Copper Ionization 8 Recommendations 9 Conclusion References Innovative Treatment Processes for Emerging Contaminants Removal from Sewage Sludge 1 Introduction 2 Emerging Contaminants in Sewage Sludge 2.1 Influence of WWTPs Characteristics on ECs Adsorption 3 Treatments 3.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) 3.2 Ozonation 3.3 Hydrogen Peroxide 3.4 Fenton 3.5 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Emerging Pollutants That Can Be Transformed into PCDD/Fs 1 Introduction 2 Emerging Pollutants (EPs) 2.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs): Triclosan (TCS) as a Case of Study 3 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) 4 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 4.1 Electrochemical Oxidation of TCS 4.2 Indirect Oxidation of TCS: Photocatalysis 5 Conclusions References An Innovative Technology to Minimize Biological Sludge Production and Improve Its Quality in a Circular Economy Perspective 1 Introduction 2 The Technology 3 Sludge Prevention/Minimization 3.1 Residual Sludge Production 3.2 Sludge Quality Improvement 4 Possibility of Permeate Reuse 5 Tips for Future Research and Applications 6 Conclusions References Fate of Neonicotinoids in the Environment: Why Bees Are Threatened 1 Introduction 2 The Introduction of Neonicotinoids in the Market 3 Application Modes 4 The Role of Neonicotinoids in Organisms and Colony Collapse Disorder (CDD) 5 Physico-Chemical Properties of Neonicotinoids 6 Transport of Neonicotinoids in Air, Water and Soil 6.1 Neonicotinoids in Air 6.2 Neonicotinoids in Aquatic Systems 6.3 Neonicotinoids in Soil 7 Conclusions and Future Trends References Current Progress of Microplastics in Sewage Sludge 1 Introduction 2 Main Sources of MPs in Sewage Sludge 3 Analytical Methods for Microplastics in Sewage Sludge 3.1 Pretreatment and Extraction Methods 3.2 Detection and Identification Methods 4 Effects of Microplastics on Sewage Sludge 4.1 Effects of Microplastics on Sewage Treatment and Sludge Digestion 4.2 Effects of Microplastics on Soil 5 Conclusion References Revision of the Most Harmful Organic Compounds Present in Sewage and Sludge 1 Introduction 2 Organic Compounds in Sludge 2.1 General Composition 2.2 Microbiological Composition of Sludge 2.3 Toxic Organic Compounds Families 2.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2.3.2 Dioxins and Furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) 2.3.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 2.3.4 Polybrominated Compounds (PBBs and PBDEs) 2.3.5 Perfluorinated Aliphatic Compounds (PFCs) 2.3.6 Pesticides 2.3.7 Other Compounds 2.4 Influence of the Treatment on OMPs 2.5 Toxic Organic Compounds in Sewage Sludge References Identifying Emerging Pollutants Using Non-target or Wide-Screening Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 1 Introduction 2 Non-target Approaches to Determine Contaminants and Other Chemicals Retained in Sludge 2.1 Extraction and Clean-Up 2.2 High Resolution Mass Spectrometry 2.3 Compounds and TPs Identified in Sludge by Non-target Techniques 3 Conclusions and Future Trends References Fate of Emerging Pollutants During Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge 1 Introduction 2 Why Do OMPs Accumulate in Sewage Sludge? 2.1 Occurrence and Removal of OMPs in Wastewater 2.2 Mass Balances to Explain the Fate of OMPs in WWTPs 2.3 Occurrence of OMPs in Sewage Sludge 3 Fate of OMPs During Sewage Sludge Anaerobic Digestion 3.1 Sorption 3.2 Biotransformation Mechanisms and Efficiencies 3.3 Can Operational Strategies Promote the Biotransformation of OMPs During AD? 4 Modelling the Fate of OMPs During Sewage Sludge Anaerobic Digestion 5 Conclusions References Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Sewage Sludge and Soils and the Role of Tran... 1 Background 1.1 PPCPs in Municipal Waste Stream 2 Waste Stream and Wastewater Treatment 2.1 Presence, Composition, and Concentration of PPCPs and Transformation Products in the Municipal Waste Stream and Wastewater... 2.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies and Influence on Presence of PPCPs and TPs 2.3 Presence of PPCPs and TPs in Wastewater Effluent 2.4 Transformation During Wastewater Treatment 2.4.1 Chlorination 2.4.2 Ozonation 3 PPCPs and TPs Release in Terrestrial Environments 3.1 Reclaimed Wastewater: Irrigation Source 3.2 Sewage Sludge/Biosolids: Presence and Composition of PPCPs and TPs 4 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products and TPs in Soil Environments 4.1 Fate and Behavior of PPCPs in Soil Environments 4.2 Transformation in Soils 4.3 Biological Activity and Impacts of PPCPs and TPs in Non-target Organisms 5 Measuring PPCPs and Transformation Products 5.1 Analytical Tools and Techniques 5.2 Analytical Standards: Measuring Transformation Products and Matrix Effects 5.3 Quantitative Measurements and Interpretation 6 Conclusions and Future Needs References Current Methodology for Extraction, Separation, Identification, and Quantification of Microplastics in Terrestrial Systems 1 Introduction 2 Collecting Soil Samples for MP Analysis 3 Methodology for MP Separation from Soil 3.1 Soil Sieving 3.2 Extraction 3.2.1 Density Flotation 3.3 Filtration 3.4 Digestion of Organic Matter 4 Quantification and Identification 5 Conclusions References Emerging Viruses in Sewage Sludge and Soils 1 Introduction 2 Persistence and Fate of Human Viruses in Sewage Sludge and Soils 2.1 Viruses in Sewage Sludge 2.2 Viruses in Soils 2.2.1 Transport of Viruses in Soils 2.2.2 Survival of Viruses in Soils 3 Emerging Viruses in Soil and Sewage Sludge 3.1 Non-enveloped Viruses 3.2 Enveloped Viruses 4 Emerging Viral Indicators of Fecal Pollution 5 Conclusions References