A Grammar of Tukang Besi

Description

Acknowledgements Conventions Table of Contents List of maps, figures and tables Plates Map 1: The Tukang Besi islands in Indonesia Map 2: Wanci Map 3: The Tukang Besi islands 1. Introduction 1.1 Setting 1.2 The region 1.3 The language 1.4 Sources for this study 1.5 Data-gathering procedures 2. Phonology and morphophonology 2.1 The phonemes 2.2 Extra-phonemic issues 2.3 Syllable level processes 2.4 Variable phonetic processes 2.5 Processes involving nasals 2.6 Orthographic issues 3. Syntactic units and the clause 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Categories and terms 3.3 Guide to Tukang Besi grammatical forms 3.4 Verbal clauses 3.5 Non-verbal clauses 3.6 Other clause types 3.7 Pragmatically determined variations in clause structure 3.8 Articles and case marking 3.9 A short note on interclausal relations 3.10 The status and structure of phrases in the clause 3.11 The layers of the clause: core and oblique arguments 3.12 Summary 4. Word classes 4.1 The term ‘word’ 4.2 Word classes and the problem of overlap 4.3 Open word classes 4.4 Nouns 4.5 Verbs and adjectives 4.6 Closed word classes 4.7 A note on ‘derivational’ and ‘inflectional’ categories 5. Pronouns 5.1 Personal pronouns 5.2 Use of the free forms 5.3 Affixed pronominal forms 5.4 Subject prefixes 5.5 Possessive suffixes 5.6 Scope of possessive antecedency 5.7 Object agreement 5.8 Dative object agreement 6. Demonstratives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Semantic differences: set one 6.3 Semantic differences: set two 6.4 Use of the different demonstrative forms 6.5 Use of the demonstratives 6.6 The use of the demonstratives in discourse tracking 7. Verb phrases 7.1 Verb phrases 7.2 Subject prefixes 7.3 Subject infix -[um]- 7.4 Possessive marking on adjectives 7.5 Irregularities in subject marking 7.6 Object suffixes 7.7 External possession 7.8 Object incorporation 7.9 Aspect and auxiliaries 7.10 Adverbs 8. Serial verb constructions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Non-contiguous serialisation 8.3 Contiguous serialisaton 8.4 Summary of morphosyntactic differences 8.5 Serial verbs and other grammatical categories 9. Causative morphology 9.1 Causative mophology: introduction 9.2 Factitive hoko- 9.3 Causative pa- 9.4 Requestive hepe- 9.5 Causatives: combinations 9.6 Causatives and ditransitive verbs 9.7 Causatives: summary 10. Applicative morphology 10.1 Applicatives: Introduction 10.2 Comitative applicative suffix -ngkene 10.3 General applicative suffix -ako 10.4 Locative applicative ‘suffix complex’ -(VC)i 10.5 Double applicatives 10.6 Applicatives and ditransitive verbs 10.7 Applicatives: summary 10.8 Combining properties and the question of symmetry or asymmetry 11. Other verbal morphology 11.1 Valency reducing affixes 11.2 Passive prefixes 11.3 Valency-neutral prefixes 11.4 Valency-announcing prefixes 11.5 Causative-applicative combinations 11.6 Combinations with reciprocals 11.7 Combinations with passives 11.8 Reduplication 11.9 The position of verbal morphology 12. Noun phrases: core and oblique phrases 12.1 Noun Phrase structure and the Case Phrase 12.2 KPs with an NP headed in the N position 12.3 NPs not headed in the N position 12.4 Appositional phrases 12.5 Names 12.6 Nominalising morphology: - ’a and - ’o 12.7 Structure of the prepostional phrase 12.8 Semantic range of the different prepostions 12.9 Functions of the oblique phrase 12.10 General oblique: oblique article i/di 12.11 Individual prepositions 12.12 Complex prepositions 12.13 Not-quite prepositions: ako, pake and kene 13. Possession and possessive constructions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Phrasal possession 13.3 Clausal possession 13.4 Summary 14. Non-verbal and semi-verbal clauses 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Equative clauses 14.3 Oblique Predicate clauses 14.4 Presentative clauses 14.5 Numerical clauses 14.6 Comparative clauses 14.7 Exclamatory clauses 14.8 Existential clauses 14.9 Negative existential clauses 15. Relative clauses 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Aspect and polarity in relative clauses 15.3 Multiple relative clauses 15.4 Subject relative clauses 15.5 Instrumental relative clauses 15.6 Object relative clauses 15.7 Internal relative clauses 15.8 Non-verbal modification: relative phrases 16. Complementation 16.1 Types of complementation in Tukang Besi 16.2 Types of complement-taking predicates 16.3 Complementisers 16.4 Verbs of desire 16.5 Verbs of mental perception 16.6 Verbs of decision 16.7 Physical perception complements 16.8 Verbs of manipulation 16.9 Discourse complements 17. Adverbials 17.1 Adverbial clauses 17.2 Clauses of reason 17.3 Adverbial clauses of time 17.4 Conditional ara, karo 17.5 Concessional bisa 17.6 Possessed floaters: karama- and pe’esa- 18. Conjoining 18.1 Levels of coordination 18.2 Clauses joined without a conjunction 18.3 Clauses joined with a conjunction 18.4 Conjoining Vs 18.5 Conjoining NPs 18.6 ‘Floating’ conjuncts 18.7 Reciprocal constructions 19. Speech acts 19.1 Speech acts: introduction 19.2 Negation 19.3 Interrogatives, questions and answers 19.4 Imperative verbforms and commands 19.5 Imprecatives and insulting 19.6 Suggestions and hortatives 19.7 Summonses and vocatives 19.8 Requests and performatives 19.9 Exclamatory sentences and surprise 19.10 Sentence-final particles 20. Pivots and grammatical relations 20.1 Introduction: kinds of pivots 20.2 Pivots in Tukang Besi 20.3 [S,A] and [O] pivots 20.4 Nominative pivots 20.5 Nominative pivots with [S,O] constraint 20.6 Nominative pivot with [Theme/Patient] constraint 20.7 Non-nominative pivot 20.8 [S,O] pivot 20.9 Agent pivots 20.10 Instrumental pivots 20.11 Mixed pivot: existential clauses 20.12 Pivotless constructions 20.13 Grammatical categories 20.14 Summary Appendix: Texts 1 Wa Iambo 2 Pada 3 Wa Sabusaburengki 4 Tukang Besi 5 La Kohokoho kene La Kandokendoke (The Heron and the Monkey) 6 La Kolokolopua ke La Kandokendoke (The Tortoise and the Monkey) 7 Te Daoa (The Market) Wordlist Notes References Index