Magnetic Straintronics: An Energy-Efficient Hardware Paradigm for Digital and Analog Information Processing

Description

This book covers the new field of straintronics, using strain switched nanomagnets for extremely energy-efficient computing, information processing, communication, and signal generation. Based on well-established CMOS technology, traditional electronics have two significant shortcomings: excessive energy dissipation and volatility, which is the inability to retain information after power has been switched off. Straintronics is more energy-efficient and non-volatile (but also more error-prone), allowing it to eclipse traditional electronics in niche areas that are increasingly attracting attention, such as image processing and probabilistic computing, computer vision, machine learning, neuromorphic networks, probabilistic computing, and belief networks.  Magnetic Straintronics: An Energy-Efficient Hardware Paradigm for Digital and Analog Information Processing introduces straintronics and the technology's myriad applications for researchers, engineers, and scientists in electrical engineering, physics, and computer engineering. Preface Contents 1 Magnetic Straintronics 1.1 Introduction: Energy and Information References 2 Binary Switches for Digital Information Processing 2.1 Charge-Based Switches: The Transistor 2.1.1 Minimum Energy Dissipation in Charge-Based Switches for Reliability 2.2 Magnetic Switches 2.3 Correlated Motion in Single Domain Magnetic Switches 2.4 Reading the Bit State of a Magnetic Switch by Electrical Means: Spin to Charge Conversion References 3 Switching a Magnetic Switch with an Electrical Current or Voltage 3.1 Current-Controlled Mechanisms for Switching the Magnetization of Nanomagnets 3.1.1 Switching with a Local Magnetic Field Generated by a Current 3.1.2 Spin-Transfer Torque 3.2 Spin–orbit Torque 3.3 Voltage-Controlled Mechanisms for Switching the Magnetization of Nanomagnets 3.3.1 Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (VCMA) 3.3.2 Straintronics 3.4 Historical Perspective References 4 Full Magnetic Reversal of a Magnetostrictive Nanomagnet Using Electrically Generated Strain 4.1 Precisely Controlled Strain Pulse for Complete Magnetization Reversal 4.2 Successive 90° Rotations for Complete Magnetization Reversal 4.3 Switching with a 4-Electrode Configuration for Complete Magnetization Reversal 4.4 Non-toggle Switch References 5 Non-volatile Memory Implemented with Straintronic Magnetic Tunnel Junctions 5.1 Volatile Memory with Straintronic MTJ 5.2 Non-volatile Memory with Mixed Mode (Straintronic + STT) MTJ 5.3 Straintronic Ternary Content Addressable Memory 5.4 Memory Scaling Issues in Straintronic Memory References 6 Straintronic Boolean Logic: Energy-Efficient but Error-Prone 6.1 Dipole Coupled Nanomagnetic Logic 6.2 Straintronic Dipole Coupled Nanomagnetic Logic 6.2.1 Straintronic Nanomagnetic Inverter 6.2.2 Experimental Demonstration of Straintronic Nanomagnetic Inverter 6.2.3 Straintronic NAND Gate with Fan-Out 6.2.4 Steering Logic Bits Unidirectionally from One Logic Stage to the Next: Bennett Clocking with Straintronics 6.2.5 Experimental Demonstration of Straintronic Bennett Clocking 6.3 Switching Errors in Dipole Coupled Straintronic Boolean Logic Gates 6.4 Switching Errors Caused by Defects and Imperfections 6.5 Relatively Error-Resilient Straintronic Universal Logic Gate not Based on Dipole Coupling References 7 Switching the Magnetizations of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets with Time Varying Periodic Strain (Surface Acoustic Waves) 7.1 Switching an Isolated Magnetostrictive Nanomagnet with Time-Varying Strain (Acoustic Wave) 7.2 A Dipole-Coupled Straintronic Inverter Clocked with an Acoustic Wave 7.3 Switching a Magnetic Tunnel Junction with a Mixture of Spin Transfer Torque and Resonant Surface Acoustic Waves 7.4 Simulated Annealing in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Array of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets Actuated by a Surface Acoustic Wave References 8 Analog Straintronics 8.1 Straintronic Microwave Oscillator 8.2 Straintronic Analog Multiplier References 9 Straintronic Nano-Antennas 9.1 Straintronic RF Electromagnetic Antennas Actuated by the Inverse Magnetostrictive (Villari) Effect 9.2 Straintronic Microwave Electromagnetic Antennas Actuated by Tripartite Phonon-Magnon-Photon Coupling 9.3 Acoustic Nano-Antennas Actuated by the Direct Magnetostrictive Effect References 10 Non-Boolean Straintronic Processors 10.1 Straintronic Image Processor 10.2 Straintronic Neuron/Perceptron 10.3 Straintronic Platforms for Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems 10.4 Straintronic Correlator/Anti-Correlator 10.5 Bayesian Inference Engines and Belief Networks References 11 Hybrid Straintronics and Magnonics 11.1 Hybrid Magneto-Dynamical Modes 11.2 Amplification of Spin Waves in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Array of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets Fabricated on a Piezoelectric Substrate by a Surface Acoustic Wave 11.3 Magnon-Phonon Interaction 11.4 Strong Coupling Between Magnon and Phonon and the Formation of Magnon-Polaron References