Greek Interjections: Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics

Description

Interjections in Ancient Greek have long lacked a comprehensive account, despite their frequent occurrence in major texts. The present study of their semantics and pragmatics, encompassing all items encountered in Greek drama from the 5th century BC, applies a moderate minimalism, theory-driven method. Readers are offered a thorough and detailed study of this elusive, and in several respects deviant, class of linguistic items. Contents Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Subject and aim 1.3 Sources 1.4 Theoretical background 1.5 Definitions 1.5.1 Primary interjections 1.5.2 Secondary interjections 1.5.3 Common properties of interjections 1.6 Three categories 1.6.1 Category 1 1.6.2 Category 2 1.6.3 Category 3 1.6.4 Related items 1.7 Previous research 1.7.1 Antiquity and the Middle Ages 1.7.2 Modern linguistics begins 1.7.3 Studies in the early twentieth century 1.7.4 Linguistics from the late 20th century to the present time 1.7.5 Recent studies focusing on Ancient Greek 1.8 Concluding remarks 2. Syntax 2.1 Formal characteristics 2.1.1 The three categories 2.1.2 Morphology 2.1.3 Interjections and word order 2.1.4 Extra metrum 2.1.5 Combinations of interjections 2.2 Syntax—Category 1 2.2.1 Free-standing interjections 2.3 The phrase schema 2.3.1 Head position: INT 2.3.2 Position 1: PRO (dative) 2.3.3 Position 2: NP (nominative or vocative) 2.3.4 Position 3: NP (genitive) 2.3.5 Positions 4–5: NPs (vocative and nominative) 2.3.6 Invocations, formulae and bare exclamative genitives 2.4 Syntax—Category 2 2.4.1 εἶα (εἷα)—eia (heia) 2.5 Syntax—Category 3 2.6 Concluding remarks 3. Semantics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Core meaning 3.3 Secondary interjections 3.4 Prototypical characteristics 3.4.1 Category 1—expressive interjections 3.4.2 Category 2—conative interjections 3.4.3 Category 3—phatic interjections 3.5 Theoretical background 3.5.1 Semantics of clause type—Primary illocutions 3.5.2 Expressives 3.5.3 Expressives and exclamatives 3.5.4 The semantics of interjections—Ameka 3.5.5 Are interjections words or sentences? 3.5.6 The semantics of interjections—Kaplan 3.5.7 Emotion theory 3.6 Semantics—Category 1 3.6.1 Explicit semantic analysis 3.6.2 Interjections expressive of surprise 3.6.3 Interjections expressive of pain and vexation 3.6.4 Interjections expressive of lamentation 3.6.5 Interjections expressive of joy 3.6.6 Hapax legomena 3.6.7 Rare and special cases 3.6.8 Items occurring only in combinations 3.7 Semantics—Category 2 3.7.1 Explicit semantic analysis 3.7.2 Interjections expressing calls for attention 3.7.3 Interjections expressing exhortation or command 3.8 Semantics—Category 3 3.8.1 Explicit semantic analysis 3.8.2 Interjections expressing agreement 3.8.3 Interjections expressing compliance 3.9 Concluding remarks 3.9.1 Primary illocutions 3.9.2 Core meanings 4. Pragmatics 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 What is pragmatics? 4.1.2 Primary and secondary functions 4.1.3 Hypotheses for primary functions 4.1.4 Questions under study 4.2 Theoretical background 4.2.1 Definitions 4.2.2 Fraser: pragmatic markers 4.2.3 Trillo: Appropriateness 4.3 Felicity conditions 4.3.1 Condition 1 4.3.2 Condition 2 4.3.3 Condition 3 (tentative) 4.4 Secondary functions 4.4.1 Borrowing the core semantics from another category 4.4.2 Functioning as a commentary marker 4.4.3 Functioning as a parallel pragmatic marker 4.4.4 Discourse markers—DMs 4.4.5 Paratragedy 4.5 Concluding remarks 4.5.1 Primary and secondary use 4.5.2 The three categories 5. Lexicon 5.1 Notes on meter 5.2 Abbreviations and legenda 5.3 ἆ—ὤμοι 6. Summary and conclusions 6.1 Summary of introduction 6.2 Syntax 6.3 Semantics 6.4 Pragmatics 6.5 Lexicon References Index