Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners

Description

Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases provides information on the diseases and applied epidemiology of all aquatic animal taxa, including invertebrates and vertebrates, along with information on applied epidemiology, acknowledging the One Health concept, and discussion on probabilities of disease outbreaks occurring and assesses the economic costs of treating those outbreaks, if applicable. Divided into two sections, the book looks at the pathology of major aquatic taxa and their associated infectious diseases--parasitic, viral, and bacterial--and non-infectious diseases. Each includes an overview, their host range and transmission, signs and diagnosis, differentials, and treatment and management. These assets are accompanied by clinical signs-lesion differential charts. Sample topics discussed in Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases include: Echinoderms, including crinoidea (crinoids, sea lilies, feather stars, and asteroidea), sea stars/starfish, and ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars) Reptiles, including turtles (freshwater and marine), crocodilians, marine iguanas, and sea snakes Pinnipeds, including otariidae (eared seals), odobenidae (walruses), phocidae (earless seals), mustelidae (otters), and sirenia (manatees and dugongs) Tropical marine aquarium fish (damselfish, angelfish, gobies, wrasses, parrotfish, butterfly fish, and clownfish) and anemones. A highly useful reference for veterinary practitioners, academic staff, and researchers, Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases is also suitable for those who are interested in aquatic veterinary medicine and serves as a companion to Fundamentals of Aquatic Veterinary Medicine, written by the same editorial team. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Part I Pathology of Aquatic Animal Species Introduction to the Manifestation of Disease and Major Pathogens Chapter 1 Aquatic Invertebrates Porifera (Sponges) Overview Clinical Signs Coelenterates Taxonomic Overview Key Points Clinical Signs Clinical Signs: Corals (Anthozoans) Diseases of Coral in Cultivation and Aquaria Diseases of Small Polyp Stony Coral Acropora-Eating Flatworm Parasitic Copepods/Amphipods Ciliates Montipora-Eating Nudibranch Diseases of Large Polyp Stony Corals Euphyilla Flatworms Dendrophilia-Eating Nudibranch Diseases of Zoanthids Zoanthid-Eating Nudibranch Zoanthid Sea Spider Other Parasites Red Planaria (Convolutriloba retrogemma) (Figure 1.17) Vermetidae Infestation Class Hydrozoa Introduction Infectious Diseases Mollusks (Bivalves) Anatomy and Clinical Features Clinical Differentials Specific Diseases Other Pathologies Zoonoses Abalone Culture Methods Breeding Anesthetics Environmental Requirements Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Helminths Non-Infectious Diseases Miscellaneous Findings Sampling for Laboratory Testing Cephalopods Gastropods Crustacea Overview Biology Aquaculture and Economic Significance Aquaria Disease and Diagnostics Clinical Signs Specific Diseases Notifiable Diseases Freshwater Infections Non-Notifiable Diseases Zoonoses References Appendix 1.1 Chapter 2 Teleost Fish Parasitic Diseases Ectoparasites Flukes (Monogenean Parasites) Digenean Black Spot Disease Turbellarian Black Spot Disease (Tang Disease, Black Itch) Piscicolosis Fish Henneguya (Henneguyosis) Parasitic Crustacean Infestations Endoparasites Fish Eustrongylides (Eustrongylidosis) Fish Anisakis (Anisakidosis) Fish Tapeworm Infection (Diphyllobothriasis) Fish Triaenophorus (Triaenophorosis) Intestinal Ligulosis References Appendix 2.1 Appendix 2.2 Appendix 2.3 Chapter 3 Amphibians Ranavirosis Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Bacterial Dermatosepticemia (Red Leg Syndrome) Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Ammonia Toxicity Overview Etiology Host Range Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Gas Bubble Disease Overview and Etiology Host Range Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Frog Chytridiomycosis Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Salamander Chytridiomycosis Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Renal Calculi (Oxalate Toxicity or Nephrocalcinosis) Overview Etiology Host Range Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Mycobacteriosis Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Pulmonary Nematodiasis Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Hypovitaminosis A (Short-Tongue Syndrome) Overview Etiology Host Range Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Corneal Lipidosis Overview Etiology Host Range Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Renal (Lucké’s) Adenocarcinoma Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Herpesvirus Skin Disease Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Hemoparasites Overview Etiology Host Range and Transmission Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Ascites/Lymphedema Overview Etiology Host Range Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention, Treatment, and Control Other Fungal Diseases Bibliography Appendix 3.1 Chapter 4 Reptiles Introduction to the Manifestation of Disease and Major Pathogens of Aquatic Reptiles Marine Turtles Prevention and Control of Marine Turtle Diseases Viral Disease Fibropapillomatosis Lung–Eye–Trachea Disease Gray Patch Disease Parasitic Disease Spirorchiidiasis Coccidiosis Bacterial Diseases Fungal Diseases Overview Non–Infectious Disease Buoyancy Disorder/Floater’s Syndrome Trauma Cold Stunning Freshwater Turtles Diseases of Freshwater Turtles: Transmission, Prevention, Treatment, and Control Bacterial Disease Viral Disease Ranavirus Herpesvirus Trionyx Sinensis Hemorrhagic Syndrome Virus Nidoviruses Fungal Disease Parasites Crocodilians Prevention and Control of Crocodilian Diseases Viral Disease Poxviral Infections Systemic Lymphoproliferative Syndrome With Encephalitis Adenoviral infection West Nile Viral Disease Parasitic Disease Cutaneous Paratrichosomiasis Coccidiosis Bacterial disease Overview Etiology Host Factors and Transmission Gross and Clinical Signs Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Nutritional Disease Overview Etiology Host Factors and Transmission Gross and Clinical Signs Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Gout Overview Etiology Host Factors and Transmission Gross and Clinical Signs Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Marine Iguanas Sea Snakes Bibliography Appendix 4.1 Chapter 5 Aquatic Birds Parasitic Diseases of Major Taxa Ectoparasites Metazoan Parasites Hemoprotozoans and Intracellular Protozoans Viral Diseases Avian Poxvirus Disease Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Duck Virus Enteritis (“Duck Plague”) Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Avian Influenza Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management West Nile Disease Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Eastern Equine Encephalitis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Newcastle Disease Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Wellfleet Bay Virus Disease Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Aquatic Bird Bornavirus 1 Disease Overview/Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Bacterial Diseases of Major Taxa Salmonellosis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Mycobacteriosis (Tuberculosis) Overview/Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Pasteurellosis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Chlamydiosis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Infection with Reimerella anatipestifer Overview/Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Fungal Diseases of Major Taxa Aspergillosis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Candidiasis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Non-Infectious Diseases of Major Taxa Trauma Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Starvation Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Gout or Hyperuricemia Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Ingestion of Foreign Bodies Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Amyloidosis (Protein Misfolding Disease) Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Exertional Myopathy Overview and Etiology Pododermatitis (“Bumblefoot”) Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Spontaneous Neoplasia Overview and Etiology Toxicoses of Major Taxa Heavy Metal Intoxications Lead Toxicosis Zinc Toxicosis Mercury Toxicosis Organophosphates and Carbamates Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Per/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Biotoxins from Harmful Algal Blooms Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Botulism Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Mycotoxicosis Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Oiling of Aquatic Birds Overview and Etiology Signs and Diagnosis Treatment/Management Salt Toxicosis Disease Epidemiology in Aquatic birds References Appendix 5.1 Chapter 6 Aquatic Mammals Parasitic Diseases of Major Taxa Protista (Ciliates, Flagellates, Amoebae and Apicomplexa) Etiology, Host Range and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment/Management Trematoda: Digenia Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Cestoda Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Acanthocephala Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Nematoda Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Arthropods Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Bacterial Diseases Leptospirosis Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Brucellosis Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Coxiella burnetti Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Vibriosis Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Pasteurellosis Etiology, Host Range, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Enterobacteriaceae Klebsiellosis Etiology and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Salmonellosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Melioidosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Campylobacteriosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and management Erysipelosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Nocardiosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Other Pyogenic Bacteria Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Mycobacteriosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Mollicutes Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Fungal Diseases (Dermatophytosis and Systemic Mycosis) Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Dermatophytosis Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Systemic Mycosis Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Viral Diseases RNA Viruses Morbillivirus infection Influenza Coronaviruses Caliciviruses DNA Viruses Herpesviruses Papillomaviruses Poxviruses Adenoviruses Non-Infectious Disease Neoplasia Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Toxins Harmful Algal Blooms Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Persistent Organic Pollutants Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Heavy Metals Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Congenital or Genetic Diseases Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Age-Related or Degenerative Pathology Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Etiology, Clinical and Gross Signs, Diagnosis Treatment and Management Miscellaneous Diseases Amyloidosis Etiology, Clinical and Gross Signs, Diagnosis Treatment and Management Gastrointestinal Ulceration Etiology, Clinical and Gross Signs, Diagnosis Treatment and Management Cardiomyopathy Etiology, Clinical and Gross Signs, Diagnosis Dermatitis in Northern Elephant Seals Etiology, Clinical and Gross Signs, Diagnosis Treatment and Management Alopecia in Pinnipeds and Polar Bears Etiology, Clinical and Gross Signs, Diagnosis Treatment and Management Freshwater Skin Disease Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Ultraviolet Irradiation (Sunburn) Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differential Diagnoses Treatment and Management Angiomatosis Etiology, Host Factors, and Transmission Clinical and Gross Signs Diagnosis Differentials Treatment and Management Trauma Predation and Interspecific Aggression Human Interaction Acknowledgments Bibliography Appendix 6.1 Part II Epidemiology and Animal Health Economics Introduction Chapter 7 Epidemiology Keyword Refresher Biosecurity Design Prevalence Epidemiology Epidemiological Unit Incidence Likelihood ratios Monitoring Odds Ratio Predictive values Prevalence Probability (Frequentist) Probability (Bayesian) Probability Notation Independent Probabilities Conditional Probabilities Relative Risk Sensitivity Specificity Surveillance Probabilities and Probability Distributions Independent Probabilities Conditional Probabilities Mutually Exclusive Probabilities Independent Events That can Occur Simultaneously Probability Distributions Distributions Used to Model a Binomial Process Binomial Distribution Syntax for Excel Beta Distribution Example Syntax for Excel Negative Binomial Distribution Example Syntax for Excel Distributions Used to Model a Poisson Process Poisson Distribution Gamma Distribution (a) Gamma Distribution (b) Exponential Distribution Hypergeometric Distribution Lognormal Distribution Normal Distribution Pert Distribution Using and Assessing Data Sources Descriptive Epidemiology Analytic Epidemiology Cross-sectional studies Cohort Studies Case–Control Studies Ecologic Studies Randomized Controlled Trials Expert Opinion Further Reading Chapter 8 Diagnostics: Sampling and Diagnostic Testing Test Characteristics Tests in Combination To Obtain an Estimation of Disease Prevalence Example References Chapter 9 Biosecurity: The Use of Risk Assessment, Surveillance, Outbreak Investigation, Modelling Disease Outbreaks Risk Assessment Disease Risk Analysis: Evaluating an Operation’s Risk from Disease Hazard Identifying an Aquaculture Operations Critical Control Points Disease Risk Management/Mitigation Options Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance Information Determining Disease Status and Freedom – Qualitative Compared With Quantitative Approaches Disease Diagnostics and Monitoring Auditing and Certifying Biosecurity Status The Risk of Introducing Infection Demonstrating Freedom from Disease Basic Sampling for Presence or Absence of Disease Risk-Based Sampling for Presence or Absence of Disease Scenario Tree Modelling Surveillance Principles of Outbreak Investigation Disease Contingency Plans Disease Dynamics, Prevention and Control Threshold for Disease Transmission How Fast Does an Outbreak Take-Off? Observed or Effective Reproduction Ratio Modeling Disease Dynamics Selecting the Model Structure Difference Equation Models Model Parameters References Further Reading Chapter 10 Animal Health Economics Economics and Biosecurity Opportunity Costs Rational Choices Marginal Costs and Benefits Production Functions Economic Analysis of the Epidemiological Unit Biosecurity Plan Partial Budgeting Decision Tree Analysis Cost–Benefit Analysis References Further Reading Index EULA