Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses: Clinical and Research Applications

Description

Auditory Brainstem Evoked Potentials: Clinical and Research Applications provides a solid foundation of the theoretical principles of auditory evoked potential principles essential for understanding the neural bases of changes in the response indices essential for both the development of optimal clinical test strategies, and interpretation of test results. Developed for graduate-level audiology students, this comprehensive text aims to build a fundamental understanding of auditory evoked brainstem responses (ABR), and their relationship to normal and impaired auditory function, as well as its various Audiologic and Neurootologic applications. In addition to covering the classical onset ABR, the book provides a thorough review of sustained brainstem responses elicited by complex sounds, including auditory steady state response (ASSR), envelope following response (EFR), and frequency following response (FFR), and the growing clinical and research applications of these responses. By exploring why certain stimulus manipulations are required to answer specific clinical questions, the author provide the resources needed for students and clinicians to make reasoned decisions about the optimal protocol to use in a given situation. Key FeaturesA full chapter devoted to laboratory exercisesNumerous illustrations to help explain key conceptsDescription of neural bases underlying amplitude and latency changesTroubleshooting techniquesEnd-of-chapter summariesA PluralPlus companion website with PowerPoint slides for instructors and case studies for students Preface Reviewers 1. Overview of the Neuroanatomy of Auditory Periphery and Brainstem Scope I. Auditory Periphery: Cochlear and Auditory Nerve Neuroanatomy Cochlea: Structure and Functional Implications Afferent Innervation of the Cochlea Formation of the Auditory Nerve II. Neuroanatomy of the Auditory Brainstem Salient Features of Organization of Brainstem Structures and Pathway Cochlear Nucleus (CN) Superior Olivary Complex (SOC) Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus (NLL) Inferior Colliculus (IC) III. Efferent Pathways Efferent Innervation of the Cochlea Efferent Innervation of the IC IV. Summary V. Recommended Readings Excellent Reviews With Sufficient Detail References 2. Neural Activity Underlying Scalp-Recorded Evoked Potentials Scope I. Neuronal Physiology Structure of a Neuron Requirements for Neural Signaling Generation and Maintenance of the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)-Polarized Cell Action Potential: Generation, Propagation, and Synaptic Transmission II. Neural Bases of Evoked Potentials III. Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP): Classification and Types IV. Summary V. Recommended Readings Excellent Review of Dipoles and Overview of Neuronal Physiology References 3. Stimuli and Data Acquisition Principles Scope I. Stimulus Section Stimulus Type Transducer Type Calibration of Stimulus Intensity How Do These SPL Measures Translate to the dB nHL Scale? II. Analog Signal Conditioning and Preprocessing Section III. Digital Signal Processing Section IV. Summary V. Recommended Readings Excellent Chapters With More Details References 4. Normative Aspects of the Auditory Evoked Responses From the Brainstem Scope I. Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs) ABR Components and Response Morphology Neural Generators of the ABR Components Latency Correspondence Between Intracranial and Scalp-Recorded ABR Components Identification of ABR Generators in Individuals With Confirmed Focal Brainstem Lesions ABR Indices What Are the Physiological Determinants of ABR Latency and Amplitude? Response Amplitude Effects of Stimulus Factors Effects of Recording Factors Effects of Subject Factors II. Summary References 5. Clinical Applications of the Auditory Brainstem Responses: Audiologic Applications for Hearing Screening and Threshold Estimation Scope I. Hearing Screening Hearing Screening: Factors Determining Optimal Implementation Hearing Screening Protocols II. Frequency-Specific Threshold Estimation Using Auditory Brainstem Responses Frequency and Place Specificity Derived Narrowband Responses Using High-Pass Masking Noise on Click-Evoked ABRs Notched Noise Masking to Ensure Place Specificity of the ABR Estimation of the Air-Conduction Threshold Using ABRs Elicited by Frequency-Specific Tone Bursts Estimation of the Bone-Conduction Threshold Using ABRs Elicited by Frequency-Specific Tone Bursts AC-ABR and BC-ABR Protocols for Threshold Estimation Preliminary Considerations ABR-AC and ABR-BC Threshold Estimation Procedure Click ABR Protocol to Identify Auditory Neuropathy Emergence of Narrowband Chirp Stimuli to Estimate AC-ABR and BC-ABR Thresholds III. Frequency-Specific Threshold Estimation Using the Brainstem Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) IV. Summary References 6. Clinical Applications of the Auditory Brainstem Response: Differential Diagnosis Scope I. ABR in Conductive Hearing Loss (CHL) Effects on ABR Characteristics Effects of Chronic Middle Ear Infection on the Brainstem Response CHL Causes Structural and Functional Changes in the Auditory Brainstem II. ABR in Cochlear Hearing Loss Effects on ABR Characteristics Relationship Between Magnitude of Latency Shift and Degree and Configuration of Cochlear Hearing Loss Relationship Between Slope of Wave V Latency-Intensity Function and Degree and Configuration of Cochlear Hearing Loss Effects of Cochlear Hearing Loss on ABR Interpeak Latencies III. ABR in Auditory Nerve and Brainstem Lesions Effects on ABR Characteristics Effects of Auditory Nerve and Lower (Caudal) Brainstem Lesions on the ABR Abnormal Interpeak Latencies (IPL: I–III, I–V, and III–V) Abnormal Interaural Latency Difference in Wave V (ILDv) ABR Sensitivity Is Reduced in the Detection of Small Auditory Nerve Tumors Stacked ABR as a Method to Improve Detection of Small Acoustic Tumors Relationship Between ABR and Auditory Nerve Tumor Size Bilateral Effects of Auditory Nerve and Lower Brainstem Lesions Use of V/I Amplitude Ratio in the Detection of Auditory Nerve and Lower Brainstem Lesions IV. ABR in Auditory Neuropathy (AN) and Cochlear Synaptopathy Introduction ABRs in Auditory Neuropathy ABRs in Cochlear Synaptopathy V. ABR in Upper (Rostral) Brainstem Lesions ABR Characteristics VI. ABR Test Strategy for Neurodiagnostic Evaluation of Site(s) of Lesion Choice of Stimulus Parameters Choice of Recording Parameters VII. Summary References 7. Neurotologic Applications: Electrocochleography (ECochG) and Intraoperative Monitoring (IOM) Scope I. Electrocochleography (ECochG) Cochlear Microphonic (CM) Clinical Applications of the CM Summating Potential (SP) Clinical Applications of SP Whole-Nerve Compound Action Potential (CAP) II. ABR Diagnostic Measure for Cochlear Hydrops: Cochlear Hydrops Analysis Masking Procedure (CHAMP) III. The Electrical Compound Action Potential (eCAP) and Its Application in Cochlear Implants: Intracochlear ECochG Response Characteristics Clinical Applications IV. Electrical ABR (eABR) and Its Application in Cochlear Implant Evaluation Response Characteristics of the Normal eABR Methods to Record and Analyze the eABR V. Application of Auditory Nerve and Brainstem Responses in Intraoperative Monitoring Introduction and Rationale Surgical Approaches Commonly Used Measures for IOM IOM Procedures and Interpretation of Changes in Response During Surgery Stimulus Response Recording Response Interpretation and Reporting Hearing Preservation (HP) in IOM VI. Summary References 8. Brainstem Evoked Responses to Complex Sounds: Characteristics and Clinical Applications Scope I. Envelope Following Response (EFR) II. Response Characteristics of EFRs Elicited by SAM Tones Effects of Intensity Effects of Carrier Frequency Effects of Modulation Rate Effects of Age III. Use of EFR in Auditory Threshold Estimation Air-Conduction Threshold Estimation in Adults and Infants With Normal Hearing (AC-EFR) Threshold Estimation in Adults and Infants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss Bone-Conduction Threshold Estimation in Normal and Hearing-Impaired Individuals (BC-EFR) IV. EFRs Elicited by Speech Sounds Characteristics of Speech Stimuli Response Characteristics of the EFR to the CV Syllable /da/ Effects of Stimulus Polarity on Speech-Evoked EFR Test-Retest Reliability of the EFRs Stimulus Specificity of the EFR Potential Clinical Applications of EFRs Effects of Cochlear Impairment on Envelope Encoding Utility of EFR in Hearing Aid Outcome Measure V. Frequency Following Response (FFR) General Description Response Characteristics Effects of Stimulus Level Effects of Stimulus Frequency VI. Frequency Following Responses to Complex Sounds Frequency Following Responses Representing Cochlear Nonlinearity FFRs Elicited by Time-Variant Speech-Like and Speech Sounds VII. Cochlear Regions Contributing to the FFR VIII. How Is the Population Response Reflected in the FFR Related to Single-Neuron Activity? IX. Neural Generators of the EFR/FFR Early Research Supporting Brainstem Origin of the FFR Current Views on the Neural Generators of the FFR X. Clinical Applications of the FFR XI. Recording and Analysis of EFR and FFR Electrode Montage Time-Domain Measures Response Latency Autocorrelation Autocorrelogram (ACG) Pitch Tracking Accuracy Using Autocorrelation Phase Coherence Frequency-Domain Measures XII. Summary References 9. Research Applications of the Frequency Following Response Scope I. Pitch: an Important Perceptual Attribute Hierarchical Nature of Pitch Processing II. Neural Representation of Pitch-Relevant Information of Complex Sounds Neural Correlates of Pitch of Harmonic, Inharmonic, and Frequency-Shifted Sounds Neural Correlates of Resolved Versus Unresolved Complex Sounds Relative Roles of Envelope and Temporal Fine Structure in Pitch Neural Correlates of Pitch Salience Neural Representation of Speech in Adverse Listening Conditions Effects of Reverberation Effects of Background Noise III. Neural Representation of Linguistic Pitch-Relevant Information in the Brainstem Perceptual Attributes of Pitch in Tonal Languages Language Experience–Dependent Plasticity in Pitch Processing in the Brainstem Language Experience–Dependent Effects in the Brainstem Are Feature Specific Domain Specificity of the Experience-Dependent Effects in the Brainstem Experience-Dependent Effects Are More Resilient to Signal Degradation Structural Versus Functional Asymmetries in Neural Representation Hierarchical Processing as a Basis of Experience-Dependent Pitch Processing IV. FFR Correlates of Binaural Processing FFR Correlates of Binaural Interaction FFR Correlates of Binaural Masking Level Difference (BMLD) FFR Correlates of Spatial Release From Masking Neural Representation of Vocoded Speech Sounds EFR/FFR Applications in Different Populations — Potential for Development of Clinical Measures V. Summary References 10. Auditory Brainstem Responses Laboratory Exercises Scope Preliminary Considerations for Recording Auditory Brainstem Responses I. Effects of Stimulus Factors on the ABR Components Lab 1. Effects of Stimulus Intensity of Click-Evoked ABR Lab 2. Effects of Stimulus Intensity on the Broadband Chirp-Evoked ABR Lab 3. Effects of Stimulus Frequency on Tone Burst-Evoked ABR Lab 4. Effects of Stimulus Repetition Rate on the ABR Lab 5. Effects of Stimulus Rise-Fall Time Lab 6. Effects of Stimulus Onset Polarity on the ABR II. Effects of Recording Parameters on the ABR Lab 7. Effects of Number of Sweeps on Averaging the ABR Lab 8. Effects of Recording Electrode Montage Lab 9. Effects of High-Pass and Low-Pass Analog Filter Settings on the ABR III. Threshold Estimation Using the ABR Lab 10. Estimation of Air-Conduction Threshold Using Simulated Conductive Hearing Loss IV. Threshold Assessment in Babies (Birth to Six Months) Example of an ABR Protocol for Threshold Estimation in Babies Lab 11. Identification and AC-ABR Threshold Estimation From ABR Waveforms Recorded From Infants V. Interpretation of ABRs to Determine the Site of Lesion Lab 12. Unmarked ABR Waveform Data (audiograms in some cases) VI. Recording of Auditory Steady-State Response, Envelope Following Response, and Frequency Following Response Lab 13. Recording and Analysis of ASSR Lab 14. Recording and Analysis of EFRs and FFRs VII. Protocol Consideration for Electrocochleography (ECochG) VIII. Summary IX. Recommended Reading Index