Opportunities for Fluoropolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing, Simulation and Recycling (Progress in Fluorine Science)

Description

Fluoropolymers are very unique materials. Since the middle of the twentieth century fluoropolymers have been used in applications where a wide temperature range, a high resistance to aggressive media, excellent tribological characteristics, and specific low adhesion are required. Today, researchers turn to fluoropolymers to solve new challenges and to develop materials with previously unattainable properties. Opportunities for Fluoropolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing, Simulation and Recycling covers recent developments in fluoropolymers, including synthesis of new copolymers, strategies for radical polymerization of fluoromonomers (conventional or controlled; RDRP), and the modification of fluoropolymers to achieve desired material characteristics. This volume in the Progress in Fluorine Science series is ideal for researchers and engineers who want to learn about the synthetic strategies, properties, and recycling of these special polymers, as well as industrial manufacturers who are interested in achieving new product characteristics in their respective industries. Cover OPPORTUNITIES FOR FLUOROPOLYMERS: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing, Simulation and Recycling Copyright Contributors About the editors Preface Chapter 1 - Semi-fluorinated aromatic ether polymers via step-growth polymerization of fluoroalkenes 1 - Introduction 2 - Synthesis of perfluorocyclobutyl (pfcb) aromatic ether polymers from trifluorovinyl ether-bearing monomers 2.1 - Synthesis of trifluorovinyl aromatic ethers (TFVE) 2.2 - Synthesis of multifunctional trifluorovinyl ether (TFVE)-bearing monomers 2.3 - PFCB containing monomers for classical polymerization 2.4 - Postpolymerization modification on PFCB aryl ether polymers 2.5 - Characterization of TFVE monomers and PFCB aromatic ether polymers 2.5.1 - Infrared and Raman spectroscopy of TFVE monomers and PFCB aromatic ether polymers 2.5.2 - Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy 2.5.3 - Fluorine NMR spectroscopy 2.5.4 - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 3 - Synthesis and characterization of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aromatic ether polymers 3.1 - Select perfluorocycloalkenyl monomers used for synthesizing PFCA aromatic ether polymers 3.1.1 - Direct step-growth polycondensation of perfluorocycloalkenes with bisphenols 3.1.2 - Step-growth polycondensation of PFCA-end capped monomers bis(AA)-type with bisphenols 3.1.3 - AB-type difunctional monomers in PFCA synthesis 3.1.4 - PFCA as building block toward PFCA-enchained polymer synthesis 4 - Synthesis and characterization of semi-fluorinated arylene vinylene ether (FAVE) polymers 4.1 - Synthesis of FAVE polymers from the step-growth polycondensation of TFVE monomers and bisphenols 4.1.1 - Direct step-growth polycondensation of TFVE and bisphenols 4.1.2 - Step-growth polycondensation of TFVE- and hydroxyl-group containing oligomers 4.1.3 - Postpolymerization modification of FAVE polymers 4.1.4 - Enchainment of chromophoric units in FAVE polymers 5 - Conclusion Abbreviations References Chapter 2 - Iodine transfer emulsion polymerizations of vinylidene fluoride 1 - Introduction 2 - Results and discussion 2.1 - Experimental considerations 2.2 - Pressure impact on VDF ITP in emulsion 2.3 - Impact of CTA structure and concentration on particle size distributions 3 - Conclusions References Chapter 3 - Fluorinated initiators, mediators, and solvents in controlled radical polymerization 1 - Introduction: general aspects of controlled radical polymerization 2 - Fluorinated agents in CRP 2.1 - Fluorinated iniferters and chain transfer agents (for RAFT) 2.2 - Fluorinated alkoxyamines and nitroxides for nitroxide mediated polymerization 2.3 - Fluorinated alkyl halides and ligands for ATRP 3 - Fluorine-containing macroinitiators 4 - Fluorinated solvents 5 - Conclusion and outlooks 6 - Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 - Specifics of the Mn2(CO)10 photomediated synthesis of PVDF block copolymers 1 - Introduction 2 - Metal mediated VDF-IDT photopolymerizations 3 - Metal photomediated synthesis of well-defined PVDF block copolymers 3.1 - Consequence of having two chain ends with different reactivities 3.2 - Conversion dependence of the PVDF-CH2-CF2-I and PVDF-CF2-CH2-I chain ends and its significance in the synthesis of PV... 3.3 - Kinetic study of PVDF-I activation at various Mn2(CO)10 loadings 3.4 - Transition metal carbonyls as universal activators for the synthesis of well-defined PVDF block copolymers 4 - Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 - Fluoropolymers by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) 1 - Introduction 2 - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2.1 - Synthesis strategies 2.2 - Film and surface properties 2.3 - Selected applications and process scale-up 2.3.1 - Optoelectronic devices 2.3.2 - Superhydrophobic conformal surface modification 2.3.3 - Large and automated batch reactors for tire molds 3 - Vinyl polymerization with fluorine-containing monomers 3.1 - Synthesis strategies 3.1.1 - Monomers 3.1.2 - Grafting: ex-situ and in-situ 3.2 - Film and surface properties-C8-containing fluoropolymers 3.3 - Selected applications and scale-up 3.3.1 - Durable and conformal “phobic” surfaces 3.3.2 - Separations and controlled release 3.3.3 - Reactor design 4 - Summary and future prospects References Chapter 6 - Radiation modification of polytetrafluoroethylene 1 - Introduction 2 - Effect of radiation on the molecular structure of PTFE 2.1 - Solid-state destruction 2.2 - Destruction and crosslinking in melt 2.3 - Features of the supramolecular structure of PTFE 2.4 - Crystal structure 2.5 - Morphology of as-polymerized particles 2.6 - Conformational Isomerism 2.7 - A model of coherent packing of fibrils in a lamella 3 - Effect of radiation on the supramolecular structure of PTFE 3.1 - Radiation modification above melting point 3.1.1 - Crystallinity and porosity 3.1.2 - Crystal size distribution 3.1.3 - Morphology 3.1.4 - The mechanism of changes in the supramolecular structure 3.2 - Radiation modification at room temperature 4 - Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 7 - Preparation and applications of fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric composites 1 - Introduction 2 - Preparation and property of fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomer/silica nanocomposites 3 - Preparation and property of fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomer/titanium oxide nanocomposites 4 - Preparation and applications of fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric composites possessing superoleophilic/superhydrophobi... 5 - Conclusion References Chapter 8 - Fluoropolymers for oil/water membrane separation 1 - Introduction 2 - Oil/water separation membranes 2.1 - Types of separation membranes 2.1.1 - Wetting theories: Young’s equation 2.1.2 - Wetting theories: influence of roughness and chemically heterogeneity 2.1.3 - Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic membranes 2.1.4 - Superhydrophilic and superoleophobic membranes 2.1.5 - Superomniphobic membranes 2.1.6 - Superamphiphilic membranes 2.1.7 - Janus membranes 2.2 - Fluorinated polymers for membrane separation processes 2.2.1 - Structure, properties, and applications 2.2.2 - Most important fluoropolymers and their wettabilities 2.3 - Production processes for fluorinated membranes 3 - Recent progress in fluorinated polymer membranes for oil/water separation 3.1 - PTFE containing membranes 3.2 - PVDF containing membranes 3.3 - ECTFE containing membranes 3.4 - Membranes consisting of different fluorinated polymers 3.5 - Fluoroacrylics and the surface modification of separation membranes 4 - Conclusions References Chapter 9 - PVDF-based shape memory materials 1 - Introduction 2 - Shape memory behavior of PVDF and its copolymers 3 - Shape memory behavior of PVDF-based blends 4 - Shape memory behavior PVDF-based composites 5 - Conclusion References Chapter 10 - Manufacturing strategies in fluorinated polymers and composites 1 - Introduction 2 - Melt processing methods 2.1 - Molding 2.1.1 - Injection molding 2.1.2 - Compression molding 2.1.3 - Transfer molding 2.1.4 - Rotational molding 2.1.5 - Billet molding and sintering 2.2 - Extrusion 2.2.1 - Blown film 2.2.2 - Biaxially drawn film 2.2.3 - Fiber extrusion 2.2.4 - Wire coating 2.3 - Pertinent properties 3 - Solution processing 3.1 - Coating methods 3.2 - Roll coating 3.3 - Sintering coatings 3.4 - Pertinent properties and challenges 4 - Additive manufacturing 4.1 - Extrusion printing 4.1.1 - Fused deposition modeling 4.1.2 - Direct ink write 4.2 - Vat polymerization printing 5 - Conclusions References Chapter 11 - Decomposition of fluoropolymers by their mineralization in subcritical water 1 - Introduction 2 - What is subcritical and supercritical water? 3 - Mineralization of perfluorinated ion-exchange polymer membrane 4 - Mineralization of PVDF, ETFE, and VDF-related copolymers 4.1 - Reactions in the presence of dioxygen 4.2 - Reactions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide 4.3 - Reactions in the presence of potassium permanganate 5 - Summary Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 - Regioisomerism defects in PVDF: impact on structural properties 1 - Introduction 2 - Molecular simulation 2.1 - Principle 2.2 - Simulation of the crystal phase 2.3 - Simulation of the amorphous phase 3 - Crystal phase 3.1 - Literature and problematic 3.2 - Simulation 4 - Amorphous phase 5 - Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover