Resilience and Human History: Multidisciplinary Approaches and Challenges for a Sustainable Future

Description

This unique book provides a platform for resilience research, combining knowledge from various domains, such as genetics, primatology, archeology, geography, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, medicine, ecology, psychology, risk management and systems science, in order to examine specific concepts. The term "resilience" was originally used in psychology, but in current-day usage, it mainly refers to the "ability to recover from disaster"; however, the concept of resilience is still ambiguous. This book challenges readers to reconsider the concept of resilience comprehensively from diverse perspectives and to re-conceptualize it as an important framework applicable in various research fields. The book explores resilience by expanding the time and space scales to the maximum. On the time axis, it traces back to our human ancestors (and even to anthropoid apes) and follows the evolution of humans, the origin of agriculture, the rise and fall of ancient civilizations, and the present day. On the space axis, it discusses levels ranging from genetic; bacterial flora; individual, indigenous communities; and modern societies; to the global level. As such it expands the base for considering the problems facing modern society and selecting a future direction. In the long history of evolution, we Homo sapiens have faced, and overcome, various kinds of risks. By acquiring resilience, we have surpassed other animals and become apparent rulers of the earth; but, at the same time, we are also facing more serious risks than ever before. This book provides insights into addressing the challenges of a sustainable future. Preface Contents Chapter 1: Resilient Features Which Humans Inherited from Common Ancestors with Great Apes and Strengthened 1.1 Preface 1.2 The Characteristics of Primates, Apes, and Humans 1.2.1 Heritage of the Primates 1.2.2 The Turning Point Between Monkeys and Apes 1.2.3 Human Characteristics Inherited from Apes and Food Revolution 1.3 Human-Specific Resilience 1.3.1 Resilience Toward the Shift in Life History and Shared Childcare 1.3.2 Changes in Society and Ways of Communication 1.3.3 What Is Human Fundamental Resilience References Chapter 2: Using Genetics to Understanding the Evolution of Human Resilience 2.1 Preface 2.2 DNA Analysis Is a Common Method 2.3 DNA Database 2.4 Genes Related to Personality 2.5 Comparison Among Primate Species 2.6 Individual Differences in Chimpanzees 2.7 Future Personality Research 2.8 What Genetic Diversity Shows References Chapter 3: Individual Differences in Psychological Resilience 3.1 What Is Psychological Resilience? 3.1.1 Definition of Psychological Resilience 3.1.2 Evaluation Criteria of Psychological Resilience 3.2 Measurement of Psychological Resiliency 3.2.1 Factors Leading to Psychological Resiliency 3.2.2 Scale to Measure Resiliency 3.3 Changes in Resiliency 3.3.1 Relationship with Personality and Developmental Characteristics 3.3.2 Changes by Intervention 3.4 Viewpoints on Qualitative Diversity of Resilience 3.4.1 Diversity of Factors Inducing Resiliency 3.4.2 Situation and Context Dependency of Psychological Resilience 3.4.3 Diversity of Resilience Orientation 3.4.4 Resilience Diversity and Relationship References Chapter 4: Human Evolution and the Implication of Resilience for the Future 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Who Are We? What Is Human Evolution? 4.3 The Human Evolutionary Journey: Evidence of Rational and Sympathetic Behavior 4.3.1 Ape Stage 4.3.2 Ardipithecus Stage 4.3.3 Australopithecus Stage 4.3.4 Early Homo Stage: Homo habilis and Homo erectus 4.3.5 Middle Homo Stage: Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis 4.3.6 Later Homo Stage: Homo sapiens 4.4 Two Worlds to Be Left for Our Descendants in the Twenty-Second Century 4.4.1 Emergence and Crisis of Civilization 4.4.2 Two Worlds in the Future 4.5 Model Societies to Be Considered to Avoid the Collapse of Civilization 4.5.1 A Poor and Decent Life Just After World War II 4.5.2 Perfect Ecological Recycling Life in the Early Modern Edo Age 4.5.3 Hunting-Gathering and Primitive Agricultural Life in the Jomon Age 4.5.4 Reducing of Homo floresiensis on an Isolated Island 4.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 5: Pastoral Nomadization in the Neolithic Near East: Review from the Viewpoint of Social Resilience 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The al-Jafr Basin 5.3 Wadi Abu Tulayha 5.3.1 PPNB Outpost Complex and Pastoral Transhumance 5.3.2 Demise of the Outpost PPNB and the Beginning of Pastoral Nomadization 5.3.3 Advance of Pastoral Nomadization 5.4 Discussion 5.4.1 Palaeolithic Crisis and Neolithic Crisis 5.4.2 Initial Pastoral Transhumance: Palaeolithic Resilience against Neolithic Crisis 5.4.3 Pastoral Nomadism: Further Return to Reinforced Palaeolithic Resilience 5.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 6: Infectious Diseases: Conquest or Coexistence? 6.1 Measles 6.1.1 Recorded Measles Outbreaks on Islands 6.1.2 Great Tragedy in the History of the Pacific 6.1.3 Common Infections 6.1.4 Measles Through Human History 6.1.5 ``Children´s Diseases´´ 6.1.6 Mysteries Surrounding Measles 6.1.7 Big Tragedies, Small Tragedies 6.2 The Infectious Diseases of the Hunter-Gatherers 6.2.1 Isolated Populations and Infection 6.2.2 Infection in the Early Stages of Humanity 6.2.3 African Trypanosomiasis and Early Humans 6.2.4 Prehistoric Humans 6.3 An Epidemiological Turning Point 6.3.1 Increased Populations 6.3.2 Domestication of Wild Animals 6.3.3 The Emergence of Infectious Diseases 6.4 Rethinking Illness: Conquest or Coexistence (?) 6.4.1 What Is Illness? 6.4.2 Learn from the Past 6.4.3 People´s Behavior and the Evolution of Pathogens 6.4.4 Co-evolution of Pathogens and Human Beings 6.4.5 The Limits of Adaptation 6.4.6 The Cost of Coexistence References Chapter 7: Resilience in the Andes: Ancient Civilisation and Indigenous Society 7.1 Preface 7.2 Human Migration and Establishment, the Formation of the Andes Civilisation, and Resilience 7.2.1 Human Migration and Establishment of the South American Continent 7.2.2 The Characteristics of the Andes Civilisation 7.2.3 Disaster Resilience of the Ancient Andean Civilisation 7.3 Resilience in the Rise and Fall of the Inca Empire 7.3.1 The Prosperity of the Inca Empire and Encounters Between the New and Old Continents 7.3.2 Collapse of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Colonisation 7.4 Persistent Resilience Seen in the Andean Indigenous Society 7.4.1 Agriculture of the Andes 7.4.2 Andean Livestock 7.4.3 Reciprocity and Redistribution in Indigenous Communities 7.4.4 Wild Animals Vicuñas ``Non-killing Hunting´´: The Revival of the Inca Tradition References Chapter 8: Resilience Among Nomads and Urban Residents in Mongolia´s Transition to a Market Economy 8.1 Mongolia´s Transition to a Market Economy 8.2 Nomadic Society Under Socialism 8.3 The Influence of the Transition to a Market Economy on Nomadic Society 8.3.1 Nomads´ Responses to the Market Economy 8.3.2 Land Privatization in Nomad Areas 8.4 Resilience and Responses to Land Privatization Among Ulaanbaatar Residents 8.4.1 Ger Districts and the Transformation of Ulaanbaatar 8.4.2 The Progress of Land Privatization in Ulaanbaatar 8.4.3 Residents of Gandan Monastery Ger District in Central Ulaanbaatar 8.4.4 Ger District Residents´ Adjustment to Land Privatization 8.4.5 Nomads´ Sentiments and Issues of Land Privatization 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Dynamic Resilience of Ayta Community: Creative Rehabilitation After Mt. Pinatubo´s Eruption, 1991 9.1 Pinatubo Ayta: Asian Type Negrito and Eruption Survivors 9.2 Affluent Life with Abundant Nature Before the Eruption 9.3 Ways to Creative Recovery from the Disaster 9.4 Creation of New Personhood and New Ethnicity 9.5 Ayta Religience Based on Risk Diversification and Importance of Assistance from Outside References Chapter 10: Resilience of Life (Livelihood) and Natural Disasters 10.1 Direction of Disaster Response and Resilience 10.2 Disaster Response Resilience Model 10.3 Pre-disaster Response and Resilience 10.4 Post-disaster Response (Emergency Response, Recovery/Reconstruction) and Resilience 10.4.1 Elements of Life Reconstruction 10.4.2 Emergency Response, Recovery and Reconstruction of Time Procession, and Life Affected by Disaster 10.5 Life Risk Management for Improving Disaster Resilience 10.6 Importance of Meaning Making of Disaster References Chapter 11: The Essence of Resilience Against Disaster: Requirements for Geographic Education 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Essence of Disaster Resilience 11.3 The Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction Education 11.4 Background of the Need for Disaster Risk Reduction Education 11.5 Disaster Risk Reduction Education Goals 11.6 Contents of Disaster Risk Reduction Education 11.7 Attempts to Systematize Disaster Risk Reduction Education 11.8 ``Disaster Risk Reduction Education´´ in the SCJ´s 2007 Proposal 11.9 Conclusion: Sound Arguments That Cannot Be Made After a Disaster References Chapter 12: Common Features of Business Resilience in Japanese Companies 12.1 Preface 12.2 Definition of Resilience and Why We Need the Concept of Resilience in Business Level Now 12.2.1 Definition of Resilience 12.2.2 Why Is Having a Resilience Mindset Necessary Now? 12.3 Theories That Generate Business Resilience and ``Happiness at Work´´ 12.3.1 ``Flow´´ in Business 12.4 The Root Cause of Business Resilience Through Case Studies 12.4.1 Approach Method for Issues Related to Crisis and Resilience 12.4.2 The Root Cause of Resilience as Seen Through Case Studies 12.5 Resilience Thinking Management Process 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Resilience of Earth System 13.1 Global Environmental Issues as a Mild Shock 13.2 Anthropocene: An Epoch in Which Humanity Changes Earth 13.3 Earth System Limits 13.4 A Weakening Society 13.5 Economic Efficiency: Steady-State Economy 13.6 Relation-Value References Chapter 14: Human History and Aspects of Resilience 14.1 Aspects of Resilience from the Viewpoint of Human History 14.2 Human History Focused on Resilience Postscript Yumiko Nara and Tetsuya Inamura Acknowledgment