Integrated Drainage Systems Planning and Design for Municipal Engineers

Description

Urban water management has to take an integrated approach that prioritizes sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) over gray infrastructure. This book elaborates on the planning and evaluation of pipework drainage systems with a focus on modern-day constraints to deliver a solution that favors sustainability as the overarching goal. The book includes a technical section on design of gray and green infrastructure, considering the total lifecycle costs of drainage systems. Advanced computer simulation techniques are discussed after covering the derivation of both standard and empirical equations for appropriate hydrology and hydraulics. The book provides an incorporation of reliability analyses for both green and gray infrastructure starting with techniques for forecasting flows, hydraulic performance, and lifecycle costs. The work also involves 3-D modeling, geospatial and big data analysis, and how these techniques are applied into city management—particularly beneficial to municipal engineers who are increasingly becoming involved in mapping the underground. Soil mechanics and subsurface drainage systems are analyzed and structural aspects of sewers are included. Finally, soil behavior in shear, retaining wall structures, and tunneling is briefly featured in the book. This book will be of interest to (under)graduate and postgraduate engineering students, drainage engineers, urban planners, architects, water engineers, developers, construction contractors, and municipal engineers. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Origins of Present-Day Practice 1.2 Why Are Drainage Systems So Important? 1.3 Storm Sewer System 1.4 History of Sustainable Drainage Systems 1.5 Role of Government Through Public Authorities 1.5.1 The Effect of Urbanization 1.6 General Features of Standard Pipework Drainage Solutions 1.7 Outline of Several Types of SuDS 1.7.1 Tree Planting 1.7.2 Tree Trenches 1.7.3 Bioretention Gardens 1.7.4 Infiltration Systems 1.7.5 Porous Pavers 1.7.6 Swales 1.7.7 Green Spaces 1.7.8 Green Streets 1.7.9 Downspout Disconnection 1.7.10 Vegetated Kerb Extension 1.7.11 Rainwater Harvesting Systems 1.7.12 Green Roofs (Vegetated Rooftops) 1.7.13 Detention Ponds 1.7.14 Retention Ponds 1.7.15 Soakaways 1.7.16 Planter Boxes 1.7.17 Artificial Rills 1.8 Combined and Uncombined Systems 1.9 Modern Drainage Master Planning Projects 1.10 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Drainage Planning and Evaluation Process 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Importance of Drainage Systems 2.3 Sources of Funding 2.4 Constraints and Data Collection 2.4.1 Public Participation 2.4.2 Required Data and Documents Review 2.4.3 Selection of Appropriate Routes 2.4.4 Site Survey and Evaluation 2.4.5 Defining the Catchment Characteristics 2.4.6 Environmental and Social Issues 2.5 Drainage Systems Planning 2.5.1 Setting Goals 2.5.1.1 Stormwater Quantity Reduction 2.5.1.2 Pollutant Removal 2.5.1.3 Peak Flow Reduction 2.5.1.4 Reduced Costs 2.5.1.5 Low-Carbon Design 2.5.1.6 Construction Materials 2.5.1.7 Land Stabilization and Embankments 2.5.1.8 Hydrologic and Hydraulics Methods 2.5.1.9 Other Constraints 2.5.2 Defining Drainage Networks 2.5.3 Cost of SuDS and Gray Infrastructure 2.6 Software Applications 2.7 The Decision-Making Process 2.7.1 Reliability and Sustainability 2.7.2 Hydraulics and Flow Routing 2.8 Case Studies 2.8.1 Case Study 2.1: Kabale Municipality Drainage Master Planning, Uganda, 2016 2.9 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 3 Planning for Sustainability 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Greenfield and Retrofitting 3.3 What Are Sustainable Drainage Systems and How Do They Work? 3.4 Approaches to Develop SuDS 3.5 The Role of Sustainable Drainage Systems 3.6 Achievable SuDS (site-Specific SuDS) 3.7 SuDS Application and Feasibility Potential Going By Area Physical Plan 3.8 Planning, Design, and Development of SuDS 3.8.1 Infiltration Systems 3.8.1.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.1.2 Potential Limitations for Infiltration Systems 3.8.1.3 How Does an Infiltration System Work? 3.8.1.4 Infiltration Systems’ Design Criteria 3.8.1.5 Probable Cost of Infiltration Systems 3.8.2 Bioretention Gardens 3.8.2.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.2.2 How Does a Bioretention Work? 3.8.2.3 Bioretention Design Criteria 3.8.3 Ponds/basins 3.8.4 Detention Ponds/basins (Dry Ponds/basins) 3.8.4.1 Description and Purpose of Detention Ponds/basins 3.8.4.2 Features and Benefits of Surface Detention System 3.8.4.3 Features and Benefits of Below Surface (Subsurface) Detention System 3.8.4.4 Potential Limitations for Detention Systems 3.8.4.5 Environmental Benefits of Detention Ponds 3.8.4.6 How Does a Detention Pond Work? 3.8.4.7 Detention Ponds’ Design Criteria 3.8.4.8 Probable Detention Pond Cost 3.8.5 Retention Ponds/basins 3.8.5.1 Description and Purpose of Retention Ponds 3.8.5.2 Integrated On Surface Detention and Retention System 3.8.6 Vegetated/bio-Swales 3.8.6.1 Description and Purpose of Swales 3.8.6.2 How Does a Vegetated Swale Work? 3.8.6.3 Potential Limitations of Swales 3.8.6.4 Variations in Bio-Swale Designs 3.8.6.5 Probable Cost 3.8.7 Reforestation and Afforestation 3.8.7.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.7.2 How Does Reforestation and Afforestation Work? 3.8.7.3 Potential Afforestation and Reforestation Limitations 3.8.7.4 Afforestation and Reforestation Design Criteria 3.8.8 Planter Boxes 3.8.8.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.8.2 Planter Box Probable Cost 3.8.9 Tree Trenches 3.8.9.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.9.2 Tree Trench Design Criteria 3.8.9.3 Potential Limitations of Tree Trenches 3.8.9.4 Probable Cost for Tree Trenches 3.8.10 Rainwater Harvesting Systems 3.8.10.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.10.2 Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting 3.8.10.3 Limitations of Potential Rainwater Harvesting Systems 3.8.10.4 How Does a Rainwater Harvesting System Work? 3.8.10.5 Rainwater Harvesting Systems Design Criteria 3.8.10.6 Probable Cost 3.8.11 Open Spaces 3.8.12 Porous/permeable Pavers 3.8.12.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.12.2 Probable Cost 3.8.13 Downspout Disconnection 3.8.13.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.13.2 Potential Limitations of Downspout Disconnection 3.8.13.3 How Does the Downspout Disconnection Work? 3.8.13.4 Downspout Disconnection Design Criteria: What Are the Factors to Consider? 3.8.13.5 Probable Cost 3.8.14 Vegetated Kerb Extensions 3.8.15 Green Roofs 3.8.15.1 Description and Purpose 3.8.15.2 Benefits and Effectiveness of Green Roofs 3.8.15.3 Potential Limitations of Green Roofs 3.8.15.4 Key Design Features for Green Roofs 3.8.15.5 Probable Cost of Green Roofs 3.9 Stormwater Quality Improvement and Quantity Reduction Potential for Different SuDS Types 3.10 River Restoration Programs 3.11 Flood Control Structures 3.12 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 4 Useful Hydrology 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hydrologic Cycle 4.3 Hydrologic Models, Tools, and Techniques 4.4 Rainfall Analysis 4.4.1 Average Recurrence Interval 4.4.2 What Does a Design Year Flood Such as a 100-Year Flood Mean? 4.4.3 Runoff Estimation 4.4.3.1 Hydrologic Methods 4.4.3.2 Nonconventional Design Methods 4.5 Statistical Models and Probability Distribution Functions 4.5.1 Applications of Continuous Probability Distribution Functions 4.5.1.1 Frequency and Return Period 4.5.1.2 Forecasting Behaviors 4.5.1.3 Extreme Value Analysis 4.6 Case Studies and Worked Examples 4.6.1 Case Study 4.1: Generating IDFs for the Rational Method, Kabale Municipal Council, Western Uganda (2016) 4.6.2 Case Study 4.2: Kabale Municipality Rainfall Forecasting With Use of Two-Parameter Weibull Distribution, Western Uganda (2016) 4.6.2.1 Findings 4.6.2.2 Analysis Implications—decisions That Followed 4.6.3 Case Study 4.3: Extreme Value Analysis for River Kiruruma in Kabale, Uganda (2016) 4.6.3.1 Conclusion 4.6.3.2 Recommendation From the Analysis 4.7 How to Deal With Runoff Quality 4.8 SuDS Hydrology 4.9 Conclusion Notes References Further Reading Chapter 5 Hydraulics Design Principles Notation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Hydraulic Design—overview 5.3 Energy Equations 5.3.1 Relevance of Energy Equations 5.3.2 Derivation of Key Energy Equations 5.3.2.1 Specific Energy 5.3.3 Normal Depth Used for Design and Analysis 5.4 Flow Profiles/regimes for a Sustainable Design 5.5 The Momentum Principle 5.5.1 Application of Momentum Equations 5.6 Case Studies With Worked Examples 5.6.1 Case Study (5.1): Typical Design Project, Proposed Warehouse Park On Plot 31, Namanve, Kampala, Uganda (2021) 5.6.1.1 Overview 5.6.1.2 Evaluation 5.6.1.3 General Assumptions, Conditions, and Guiding Design Criteria 5.6.1.4 Option A 5.6.1.5 Option B 5.6.1.6 Design 5.6.1.7 Analysis 5.6.1.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.6.2 Case Study (5.2): Typical Audit and Design Project for Collapsed Retaining Wall Following Flash Floods, Kitende, Kampala, Uganda (August 14, 2021) 5.6.2.1 Overview 5.6.2.2 Problem Evaluation 5.6.2.3 Justification of the Probable Cause 5.6.2.4 Drainage Design 5.6.2.5 Remodeling the U-Drain 5.6.2.6 Analysis 5.6.2.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.6.2.8 Final Drainage Scheme Route and Retaining Wall 5.6.3 Worked .example 5.1: Application of Equation (5.2) 5.7 Conclusion Notes Reference Further Reading Chapter 6 Flow Routing Techniques Notation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Hydraulic Routing Techniques 6.3 Applications of Hydraulic Flow Routing Techniques 6.3.1 Evaluating the Impact of Flash Floods 6.3.2 Predicting the Arrival Time of Floods 6.3.3 Urban Drainage Design 6.3.4 Analyzing Flood Control System’s Safety 6.4 Derivation of Hydraulic Flow Routing Techniques 6.4.1 Deriving the Continuity Equation 6.4.2 Deriving the Momentum Equation 6.4.2.1 The Grid 6.5 Steady Flow 6.6 Kinematic Wave Routing Technique 6.6.1 Worked Example—Kinematic Wave Routing Technique Section A–A 6.7 Dynamic Wave Routing Technique 6.7.1 How to Solve the Full 1-D Saint Venant Equations Using the Method of Characteristics (finite-Difference Scheme) Step 1. Rearranging the Continuity and Momentum Equations in a Matrix Form Step 2. Differential Form and Obtaining Characteristic Equations Step 3. Numerical Technique for Internal Points Step 4. Setting Boundary Conditions 6.7.2 Analysis of Dynamic Wave Routing Technique 6.7.2.1 Understanding Energy and Momentum Equations as We Route Flows in the Design 6.7.3 MATLAB Simulation 6.8 Comparison of Hydraulic Routing Techniques 6.8.1 Kinematic Wave Routing 6.8.2 Dynamic Wave Routing 6.9 Stormwater Runoff Hydraulic Modeling and Simulation 6.9.1 Available Software Used to Develop Stormwater Models 6.10 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 7 Useful Topics in Soil Mechanics Notation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Subsurface Drainage 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Common Subsurface Drainage Terminologies 7.2.3 Primary Materials Used in Construction of Subsurface Drainage Systems 7.2.3.1 Nonwoven Geotextile Fabrics 7.2.3.2 Perforated Pipes 7.2.3.3 Filter Materials 7.2.4 Subsurface Drain Types 7.2.4.1 French Drains 7.2.4.2 Stabilization Trenches 7.2.5 Road Construction Subsurface Drain Categories 7.2.5.1 Subsoil Drains 7.2.5.2 Subpavement Drains 7.2.5.3 Foundation Drains 7.2.6 Drainage Mats in Road Construction 7.2.7 Filter Material Differences 7.3 Subsurface Drainage Design Criteria 7.3.1 Subsurface Drainage Special Design Guidelines Or Considerations 7.3.2 Maintenance Design Considerations for Subsurface Drainage 7.4 Drainage and Groundwater Recharge 7.5 Micro-Tunneling, Pipe Jacking, and Underground Drainage Systems 7.6 Conventional Tunneling 7.7 Soil Behavior in Shear 7.7.1 Horizontal Component of Stress 7.7.2 Mohr–Coulomb Model 7.8 Flood Defense Structures 7.8.1 Introduction 7.8.2 On Design of Flood Control Structures 7.8.2.1 Seepage Control in Flood Control Earthen Embankment Structures 7.8.2.2 Control of Water Movement in Basements 7.8.2.3 Concrete Flood Defense Structures 7.8.2.4 Coastal Flood Defenses 7.9 Retaining Walls 7.9.1 Goal Setting for Retaining Wall Design 7.9.2 Factors Influencing the Choice of Retaining Wall 7.9.2.1 Soil 7.9.2.2 Location 7.9.2.3 Drainage 7.9.2.4 Design 7.9.3 Types of Retaining Walls 7.9.3.1 Gravity Retaining Wall 7.9.3.2 Cantilever Retaining Wall 7.9.3.3 Segmental Retaining Walls 7.9.3.4 Counterfort Retaining Walls 7.9.3.5 Sheet Or Bored Pile Walls 7.9.3.6 Gabion Mesh Walls 7.10 Case Study 7.1: Collapsed Retaining Wall Following Flash Floods—continuation of Case Study (5.2): Typical... 7.11 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 8 Structural Aspects of Storm Sewers Notation 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Differential Settlement 8.1.2 Excessive Pressure 8.1.3 The Expansion of the Joints 8.1.4 Loading Conditions 8.1.5 Restraining Thermal Expansion 8.1.6 Concrete Shrinkage 8.1.7 Chemical Attacks Due to Corrosion of Storm Sewers 8.2 Pipe Loading Conditions/patterns 8.2.1 Types of Loads That Act On Buried Pipes 8.2.2 Theories Applicable in Pipe Load Calculations 8.3 Matching Imposed Loads to Pipe Strength 8.4 Loads Due to Earth Overburden 8.4.1 Derivation of Marston’s Equation 8.4.2 Variation in the Use of Marston’s Equation 8.4.2.1 The Complete Embankment Case Or Wide-Trench Case (Positive Projection) 8.4.2.2 The Incomplete Wide-Trench Case (Positive Projection) 8.4.2.3 Negative Projection Cases 8.4.2.4 Zero Projection Case 8.5 Loads Superimposed By Vehicle Wheels 8.5.1 AASHTO LRFD Design Method(4) 8.6 Internal Water Load 8.7 Pipe Strength and Bedding Classes 8.7.1 Concrete Pipe Design—conclusion 8.7.2 Worked example 8.1 for Illustrative Purposes (Loading Case: Ordinary [normal] Trenches) 8.7.2.1 Solution 8.8 BS 9295:2020 Guide to the Structural Design of Buried Pipes 8.9 Storm Sewer Construction Materials 8.9.1 Reinforced Concrete Pipes 8.9.2 Corrugated Steel Pipes 8.9.3 Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride 8.9.4 Vitrified Clay Drainage (Clayware) Pipes 8.9.5 Brickwork 8.9.6 High-Density Polyethylene Pipes 8.9.7 Ductile Iron Pipes 8.9.8 Cast Iron Pipes 8.10 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 9 Evaluation of Integrated Drainage System Designs 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Advantages and Potential Disadvantages of SuDS 9.2.1 Advantages of SuDS 9.2.1.1 Reduction in Stormwater Runoff Quantities 9.2.1.2 Reduction in Runoff Velocities 9.2.1.3 Improve Aesthetics 9.2.1.4 Recreational Activities 9.2.1.5 Reduce Greenhouse Gases 9.2.1.6 Provide Shades for the City Dwellers 9.2.1.7 Regulate Temperatures 9.2.1.8 Enormously Contribute to Climate Action Policy 9.2.1.9 Educational Opportunities 9.2.1.10 Recharges Groundwater 9.2.1.11 Harvesting Rainwater for Domestic/commercial Use 9.2.1.12 Biodiversity and Resilience 9.2.1.13 Preserving Ecological Sites 9.2.1.14 Reduce Pollutants 9.2.1.15 Enhancing Conservation Practices for Sustainable Development 9.2.1.16 Ease of Working With Underground Utility Services 9.2.1.17 SuDS Foster Collaboration With NGOs 9.2.1.18 Ease of Funding Compared With Traditional Gray Infrastructure 9.2.1.19 Economic Benefits 9.2.2 Potential Disadvantages of SuDS 9.2.2.1 Tropical Climates 9.2.2.2 Engineering, Art, and Continuing Education 9.2.2.3 Heavy Initial Cost 9.2.2.4 Large Space Requirements 9.2.2.5 Compliance With Regulatory Frameworks 9.3 Integrated Drainage System Reliability Analysis 9.3.1 Introduction 9.3.2 Drainage System Model Reliability 9.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 9.3.3.1 Model Inputs Variables for Uncertainty Checks 9.3.3.2 Model Output Variables 9.3.3.3 Using What-If Analysis to Model System Reliability 9.3.4 Environmental Lifecycle Assessment 9.3.4.1 Introduction 9.3.4.2 Factors Considered in LCA for Drainage Schemes 9.3.4.3 The ASTM Procedure 9.3.4.4 ASTMC-1131 Formula 9.3.4.5 Worked Example—for Illustrative Purposes 9.3.4.6 Analyzing Reliability Goals—typical Example for Illustrative Purposes Solution Interpretation of the Results SuDS in Drainage System A SuDS in Drainage System B 9.3.4.7 Design Life and Service Life Used as Reliability Indicators 9.4 Achieving the Safe Net-Zero Goal 9.4.1 Estimating Carbon Offsets for Integrated Drainage Systems 9.4.1.1 Embodied Carbon 9.4.1.2 What to Do in Drainage Schemes to Reduce Carbon Emissions? 9.4.1.3 Operational Carbon in Drainage Systems Solution 9.5 Embodied Carbon Worked Example for Illustrative Purposes 9.5.1 Analysis of Example (Section 9.5) 9.6 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 10 Construction and Management 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Procedural Management in Drainage Construction 10.3 Excavation of Trenches for Storm Sewers 10.3.1 Dewatering of Excavations 10.3.2 Excavation Techniques 10.3.2.1 Drill and Blast Application 10.3.2.2 Conventional Methods: Excavators +/- Rock Breakers Application 10.3.2.3 Trenching Application (Hand Excavation) 10.3.3 Excavation Limitations 10.4 Excavation Supports 10.5 Pipe Laying and Jointing 10.6 Construction and Environmental Management 10.6.1 Environment and Social Impact Assessment for Drainage Systems 10.6.1.1 Introduction 10.6.1.2 Potential Project Benefits of Drainage Schemes 10.6.1.3 Potential Project Negative Impacts 10.6.1.4 Environmental Management System 10.6.1.5 Environment and Social Impact Assessment 10.6.1.6 Environmental Screening 10.6.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan 10.6.2.1 Construction Phase 10.6.2.2 Operation, Repair and Maintenance Phase 10.6.2.3 Decommissioning Phase 10.6.3 Stakeholder’s Responsibilities 10.6.3.1 Contractor’s Project Manager 10.6.3.2 Contractor’s Environmental and Social Manager 10.6.3.3 Contractor’s Site Supervisor 10.6.3.4 Contractor’s Staff 10.6.4 ESIA Conclusion and Recommendations 10.6.4.1 Conclusion 10.6.4.2 General Recommendations 10.7 Safety in Drainage Construction 10.7.1 Introduction 10.7.2 Hierarchy of Preventive and Protective Measures in Drainage System Planning, Design, and Construction 10.7.2.1 Elimination 10.7.2.2 Substitution 10.7.2.3 Engineering Controls 10.7.2.4 Administrative Controls 10.7.2.5 Personal Protective Equipment 10.7.3 Excavations 10.7.3.1 Hazards and Risk Assessment for Excavation Work 10.7.3.2 Control Measures for Excavation Work 10.8 Quality Control and Management in Drainage Construction 10.8.1 Introduction 10.8.2 Quality of Storm Sewer Pipe 10.8.3 Handling of Storm Sewer Pipes 10.8.4 Installation of Storm Sewer Pipes 10.9 Equipment and Machinery Used in Construction and Sustainable Drainage Structures Maintenance 10.9.1 Excavators 10.9.2 Backhoes 10.9.3 Draglines 10.9.4 Compactors 10.9.5 Tunnel Boring Machine 10.9.6 Sewer Cleaning Truck 10.9.7 Tree Spades 10.10 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Operation and Maintenance 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Storm Sewer Appurtenances 11.2.1 Inlets 11.2.2 Types of Inlets 11.2.2.1 Kerb Inlets 11.2.2.2 Gutter Inlets 11.2.2.3 Combination Inlets 11.2.3 Catch Basins Or Catch Pits 11.2.4 Clean-Outs 11.2.5 Manholes 11.2.5.1 Precast Concrete Manholes 11.2.5.2 Brick Manholes 11.2.5.3 Cast-In-Place Concrete Manholes 11.2.6 Mini-Manholes 11.2.7 Deep Manholes 11.2.7.1 Drop Manholes 11.2.7.2 Junction Boxes 11.2.8 Outfalls and Outlets 11.2.9 Lamp-Holes 11.2.10 Flushing Devices 11.2.11 Grease and Oil Traps 11.2.12 Stormwater Regulators 11.3 Legal and Policy Frameworks 11.4 Stormwater Drainage Network Policy Framework 11.4.1 How Does a Standard Pipework Drainage System Work? 11.4.2 Who’s Responsible for What? 11.5 How Do SuDS Work? 11.6 A Guide to Drainage Design 11.7 Legal Point of Stormwater Discharge 11.8 Drainage Information, Reporting, and Record Keeping 11.9 Enforcing Laws, Policies, Rules, and Regulations for Effective Drainage Asset Management 11.10 Maintenance of SuDS 11.10.1 Procure Equipment 11.10.2 Maintenance Budgets 11.10.3 Working With Partners 11.10.4 Inspection and Maintenance Personnel 11.10.5 Identify SuDS Maintenance Triggers 11.10.6 Update the Infrastructure Asset Register and Standard Operating Procedures 11.11 Specific SuDS Maintenance Practices 11.11.1 Postconstruction 11.11.1.1 Tree Trenches 11.11.1.2 Bioretention Gardens 11.11.1.3 Infiltration Systems 11.11.1.4 Porous Pavers 11.11.1.5 Vegetated Swales 11.11.1.6 Open/green Spaces 11.11.1.7 Downspout Disconnection 11.11.1.8 Vegetated Kerb Extension 11.11.1.9 Rainwater Harvesting Systems 11.11.1.10 Green Roofs (Vegetated Rooftops) 11.11.1.11 Detention and Retention Ponds 11.11.1.12 Soakaways 11.11.1.13 Planter Boxes 11.12 Maintenance of Storm Sewers and Drains 11.12.1 Excessive Surface Loads 11.12.2 Corrosion of Sewers 11.12.3 Root Intrusion 11.12.4 Sediment and Grit 11.12.5 Trash and Debris 11.12.6 Hazardous Materials 11.13 Storm Sewer Repair and Maintenance Practices 11.13.1 Roots Invasion in Sewers 11.13.2 Corrosion Control Measures 11.13.3 Grease and Oils 11.13.4 Sediment and Grit 11.13.5 Trash and Debris 11.14 Commonly Recommended Operational and Routine Maintenance Management Practices for Standard Pipework Drainage Solutions 11.15 Routine Oversight, Inspection, Monitoring, and Maintenance Plan 11.15.1 What Constitutes an Inspection and Maintenance Checklist for a Drainage Asset? 11.15.1.1 Site Conditions 11.15.1.2 Vegetation 11.15.1.3 Structural Conditions 11.15.1.4 Earthworks 11.15.1.5 Spills/releases 11.16 Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 12 The Future of Urban Drainage 12.1 Likely Future Developments in the Drainage Field 12.1.1 The Concept of a Sponge City 12.1.2 Flood Warning Systems 12.1.2.1 Remarkable Flood Impacts 12.1.3 Drainage Easements 12.1.4 Vertical Forests and Forest Cities 12.1.5 Verticulture 12.1.6 The Future of Trenchless Technology 12.1.7 Polyhedral Pipes 12.1.7.1 Advantages of Polyhedral Composite Pipes 12.1.8 Digital Monitoring of Sewers 12.1.9 Work Planning and Budgeting 12.1.10 Nonconventional Drainage Design Methods 12.2 Funding Opportunities for Drainage Schemes 12.3 Cost Implications of Drainage Schemes 12.4 Flash Floods 12.4.1 Case Study 12.1: Flash Floods That Occurred at the Construction of US$350 M Lubowa International Specialized Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (2019) 12.4.1.1 Introduction 12.4.1.2 Lessons From the Case 12.4.2 Case Study 12.2: The November 5, 2021, Flash Floods at Seroma Workshop Premises: Seroma Workshop Flood Damage Evaluation and Analysis, Kampala, Uganda 12.4.2.1 Background to the Problem 12.4.2.2 Interpretation 12.4.2.3 Rainfall Analysis 12.4.2.4 Recommendations to the Contractor 12.4.2.5 Lessons From the Case for a Drainage Engineer Or Planner 12.5 Embedding UN’s SDGs in Public Authorities’ Mainstream Drainage Activities 12.6 Conclusion References Further Reading Glossary Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Index