Drug policies and development : conflict and coexistence

Description

Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Preface Illustrations Acronyms and Abbreviations Notes on Contributors Introduction Chapter 1 Are Barriers to Sustainable Development Endogenous to Drug Control Policies? References Part 1 Milestones of Drug Policies and Development Chapter 2 Drug Control and Development: A Blind Spot 1 Introduction 2 Establishing the Global Divide: from Free Trade to Trade Regulation 2.1 The Impact of International Trade Regulation 3 The Post-war ‘Drug War’: Americanisation and Criminalisation 3.1 The 1961 Single Convention 3.2 The US ‘War on Drugs’ 4 Accounting for Persistence 4.1 US Pragmatism 4.2 Economics of Criminalisation 4.3 Enforcement Costs 4.4 Sustained Demand 4.5 Conditions in Cultivating Areas 4.6 National-Level Impacts 5 Alternative Development 5.1 The Thai Experience 5.2 To al and dodc 5.3 The Limitations of ad 6 Development: a Prohibition Blind Spot 7 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Imperial Drug Economies, Development, and the Search for Alternatives in Asia, from Colonialism to Decolonisation 1 Introduction 2 Drugs as a Historical Phenomenon 3 European Empires, Mercantilism and Control of the Sino-Indian Opium Trade 3.1 Rethinking the Socioeconomic Impacts of the Sino-Indian Opium Trade 4 New Regimes 5 Decolonisation and the Emergence of the Golden Triangle 6 Conclusion References Chapter 4 From Alternative Development to Development-Oriented Drug Policies 1 The Evolution of the Concept of Alternative Development1 2 From the 20th to the 30th ungass—Milestones that Paved the Way 3 The Post-ungass Scenario—Are We There Yet? 4 The Reality of ad—a Niche Becomes a Pillar 5 Talk Is Cheap—the Funding Situation for Alternative Development 6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Trying to Be All Things to All People: Alternative Development in Afghanistan 1 Introduction1 2 Methodology 3 Alternative Development: the Bounded and Failing Interventions of the 1990s 4 Alternative Development: Attempts to Redefine, Recast and Widen Ownership 5 Alternative Development: Resistance to Change 6 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Cannabis Regulation and Development: Fair(er) Trade Options for Emerging Legal Markets 1 Introduction1 2 Legal Market Expansion 3 Corporate Capture 4 The Challenge of Transition 5 Cannabis and Development 6 Conclusion References Part 2 Human Development and Drug Policies Chapter 7 Making War: Conflict Zones and Their Implications for Drug Policy 1 Introduction 2 The Drug Trafficking and Conflict Nexus 2.1 The Violent-Governance Paradigm 3 Bringing the Drug Policy Agenda to the Negotiating Table References Chapter 8 The Neo-Patrimonial ‘Use’ of Drug Policy in Electoral Processes 1 Introduction 2 Politics and Drugs 3 Drug Trafficking and Neo-Patrimonialism in State Institutions 4 Drug Policy, Elections and Political Emotions 5 Conclusions References Chapter 9 The Meaningful Participation of ‘Stakeholders’ in Global Drug Policy Debates—a Policy Comment 1 Introduction 2 Who Are the ‘Stakeholders’? 3 Who Are ‘Most Affected’? 4 Meaningful Participation? 5 The Civil Society Task Force on Drugs 6 The False Dichotomy 7 Other ‘Stakeholders’—UN Entities 8 Conclusion References Chapter 10 The World Drug Policy Problem. An Interview with José Ramos-Horta References Part 3 Drugs, Development and Cross-Cutting Issues Chapter 11 The Rif and California: Environmental Violence in the Era of New Cannabis Markets 1 Introduction1 2 Towards Environmental Simplification in the Rif 2.1 Women and Seasonal Workers: Exploitation of the Labour Force 3 Internationalisation of Cannabis Cultivation and Resource Exploitation 3.1 Women and Vulnerable Workers in the New Cannabis Industry 4 Conclusion References Chapter 12 The Gendered Impacts of Drug Policy on Women: Case Studies from Mexico 1 Introduction 1.1 Main Arguments, Methodology, and Contents 2 Discrimination and Violence against Women 2.1 Gender, Gender Systems and Patriarchal Structures 2.2 Data on Gender Inequality 2.3 Violence against Women 3 Gender and Drug Policy 3.1 Women in Prison for Drug Offences 3.1.1 Gaby 3.1.2 Sonia 3.2 Women’s Drug Use and Access to Treatment 3.3 Women in Drug Treatment Centres in Mexico 3.3.1 Alejandra 3.3.2 Sol 4 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Incorporating Child Rights into Scheduling Decisions at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs 1 Introduction 2 The International Drug Control System: Two Imbalances 3 Placing Substances under International Control 4 Scheduling Decisions: Delimiting the Scope of Child Rights Treaties 5 Child Rights Implications of Scheduling Decisions 5.1 Ketamine and the Child’s Right to Health 5.2 Khat, Child Labour, and Prevention from Involvement in the Illicit Drug Trade 6 Conclusion: from Discretion to the Routine Inclusion of Child Rights Considerations in Scheduling References Chapter 14 More Harm than Public Health in Drug Policy? A Comment 1 Introduction 2 Infectious Disease 3 Overdose Mortality and Morbidity 4 Access to Controlled Medicines 5 Health Problems Associated with Law Enforcement and Incarceration 6 Health among Drug Crop Growers 7 Conclusions References Chapter 15 Prohibitionist Drug Policy in South Africa—Reasons and Effects 1 Introduction 2 Prohibition and (Ill) Health 3 Responding to Drug Use 4 South Africa 4.1 Health Context 4.2 The South African Health System and Financing 4.3 Drug Use 4.4 The Burden of Disease among People Who Use Drugs 4.5 South Africa’s Post-apartheid Legislative and Policy Frameworks 5 Historical Insights into Drug Policy Development and the Health of People Who Use Drugs 5.1 The Long Reach of International Moral Conservatism 5.2 Discrimination and Hindrance to Healthcare 5.3 Continued Support for Non-evidence Based Approaches 6 Windows of Opportunity 7 Conclusion and Recommendations References Index