Emerging Drugs in Sport

Description

Athletes are always aiming to be faster, better, stronger. New techniques to enhance their sporting performance have increasingly been linked to use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and other hard-to-detect substances like performance-enhancing drugs. This book offers a timely analysis of the new challenges posed by this phenomenon in the anti-doping community.  The authors present the first comprehensive perspective on the rapidly shifting doping scenario and reflect on use, regulation, policy, and market structure of NPS used in sports. They highlight the challenges with the list of prohibited substances and methods in and out of competition. They also evaluate how methods to detect new drugs present an ongoing battle for doping control as they have to be adapted constantly.  Topics covered within the chapters include: Contamination of Sports Supplements with Novel Psychoactive SubstancesUntested Supplement Use Among Athletes: An Overlooked Phenomenon?International Drug Control: Protecting the Health of the AthleteAnalysis of New Chemical Entities in a Sport Context  Emerging Drugs in Sport establishes a clear benchmark on the policy discussion, drawing from available evidence and sources, including athletes' personal experiences, to generate a fact-based resource that informs a research as well as wider audience. The book is essential reading for those working in anti-doping, substance misuse, sports, ethics, and human enhancement. It also is useful for policy-makers, legislative personnel, and other professionals with an interest in protecting clean sport. “Doping is one of the greatest threats to the integrity of sport. We must never be tempted to turn our back on the problem and hope it will disappear. The benefits and values of clean sport have never been more important to the world. That is why this book with its wide-ranging approach is so valuable.”                                 Thomas Bach, President, International Olympic Committee “Physical activity is vital to a healthy living, which is why doping is not just an assault on fair competition, but also on health. I strongly commend this book for compiling advanced knowledge on performance-enhancing drugs and promoting health through sport.”             Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General, World Health Organization Foreword by Witold Banka Foreword by Claude Guillou Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors About the Contributors Part I: The Evolving Doping Scenario The Evolution of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use in Sport Introduction The 1950s and 1960s: The Spread of PEDs Use in Sport Evolution of PEDs Use Stimulants Anabolic Agents Peptide Hormones: Human Growth Hormone Diuretics Beta-Blockers Genetic Manipulation Novel Psychoactive Substances Conclusion References Contamination of Sports Supplements with Novel Psychoactive Substances: An Old History with New Players Historic Background: Traditional Medicines and Natural Products Classical Doping Psychoactive Substances in Supplements Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in Dietary Supplements and Doping NPS in the Prohibited List Trends Prevention Strategies Conclusion References Untested Supplement Use Among Athletes: An Overlooked Phenomenon? Untested Sport Supplements: A Growing Public Health Concern Patterns of Supplement Use Health Risks and Contamination Issues Need for a Shared Global Regulatory Framework An Alarming Netnographic Snapshot of the Supplement Market Conclusion References Challenges Posed by Gene Manipulations and Sport Performance Introduction Advances in Gene Therapy and Their Potential Impact on Sport Performance Gene and Cell Doping Direct Detection of Nucleic Acids: Vector and Transgene Sequences Gene Doping Detection by Next-Generation Sequencing Deep Sequencing-Based Detection in Nucleic Acids from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) CRISPR-Cas-Based Detection of Specific Sequences in Nucleic Acids from Blood: CARMEN Indirect Detection Immune Response Following In Vivo Administration of Gene Transfer Vectors Rationale for Other Indirect Biomarkers Strategies to Improve Detection Cell-Free DNA (CfDNA) Analysis Challenges Posed by the Detection of Gene Editing From Suspicion to Conviction Ethical Considerations Conclusion References Part II: Navigating in a Difficult Regulatory Environment The “Forced” Union of Science and Law Introduction Global Context The Anti-doping Regulatory Framework A Three-Level Anti-doping Regulatory Framework The First Level The Second Level The Third Level The Anti-doping Regulatory Framework and the Law The Interaction of Science and Law Perspective Science in Support of Law The Presence of a Prohibited Substance in an Athlete’s Sample Establishing the Violation The Prohibited Substances The Detection of the Prohibited Substance in the Athlete’s Sample Fixing the Sanction Other Situations Where Science Supports the Law The Substances of Abuse The Therapeutic Use Exemptions Law in Support of Science Some Examples of the Legal Protection and Support of Science Challenges of Decision Limits or Analytical Methods in Legal Processes Retesting Monitoring Programme Changes to the List Support to the Principle of “Related Substances” Limits Conclusion International Drug Control: Protecting the Health of the Athlete The International Drug Control System The International Drug Control Conventions and the Welfare of Humankind The Spirit of the International Drug Conventions Scope of Control of the Conventions The Treaty Bodies and International Scheduling Role of UNODC in International Drug Control The UNODC Mission and Mandate Addressing Emerging and Current Threats Novel Psychoactive Substances Addressing Emerging Challenges: From Resolutions to Results Conclusion References Tackling New Forms of Doping: The Legal Challenges Introduction Tools to Tackle New Forms of Doping Prohibition by Categories Prohibition of Metabolites and Markers The Athlete Biological Passport Re-analysis Other Evidence The Impact on the Sanctioning Regime General Framework Potential Reductions Conclusion Part III: Towards a Doping Society? Olympism and the Idea of Anti-doping: Between the Thick and Thin Interpretations of Sporting Progress Introduction Olympism Fundamental Principles of Olympism Views on Sporting Progress and the Use of PED WADA, Olympism and the Spirit of Sport Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on the Prohibited List Conclusion References Emerging Trends in Doping: Investigations and Field Operations Introduction Investigation Process Organization Collecting Information Speak up! and the Role of Whistleblowers and Informants Intelligence Process Collate, Integrate and Interpret Information Investigation Interviews Collaboration with Law Enforcement Reporting Conclusion Anti-doping Stories Narrated by a Law Enforcement Investigator: Mind the “Good Guys”! Introduction Sugaring the Pill The Performance Enhanced: Clinical Relationships Between Performance- and Image-Enhancing Drugs, Physical Exercise and Mental Disorders Introduction Case Reports Case 1 Arrival at Our Unit Anamnestic Information Assessment, Intervention and Treatment About Physical Exercise, BDD and Use of PIEDs Case 2 Arrival at Our Unit Anamnestic Information Assessment, Intervention and Treatment Physical Exercise and Use of PIEDs Case 3 Arrival at Our Unit Anamnestic Information Assessment, Intervention and Treatment Use of PIEDs Conclusion References Part IV: Winning at Any Cost: Doping Experiences of World-Class Athletes Faster and Dirtier for Russia: The Story of Yuliya Stepanova Introduction My Fight Against Doping in Russian Sports Conclusion Is It Worth Winning a Race If You Lose Yourself in the Process? An Interview with Olympic Champion Tyler Hamilton Introduction Where Did Your Desire to Become an Athlete Come From? When Did You First Become Aware of Doping Occurring in Your Sport? Can You Explain the Events that Led Up to You Beginning to Dope Yourself? Introduction to Doping Pressures to Engage in Doping Risks and Concerns In 2004, When You Originally Tested Positive for Doping Supplements, You Denied that You Had Intentionally Used Any Substances. Why Did You Do This? Was Your Personal Life Impacted Upon by Your Doping and Subsequent Testing Positive? Several Years Have Now Passed Since This Time in Your Life. Has It Had an Impact on Your View of Professional Sports? In Your Opinion, Are There Any Ways in Which These Substances Could be Better Regulated in Your Sport and in General? What Would Your Advice be to Individuals Considering Using Illegal Performance-Enhancement Substances? Do You Regret Engaging in Doping? Conclusion A Hammer Thrower’s Journey with Doping: Being the Phoenix of My Own Life Introduction My Story Conclusion To Take or Not to Take? Why I Chose to Stay Clean Introduction From Videogaming to Cycling Fast Wheel Dream Coming to Life From Dream to Reality… Heartbreaking to Take the Right Decision Cyclist Undercover Home Alone So, What Happened Next? A Few Words About Clean Sport Part V: Truth in the Test Tubes? Forensic Analysis of Seized Drugs Introduction to Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and Forensic Analysis Quality Assurance Practices Uncertainty Method Validation Considerations for Qualitative Methods Considerations for Quantitative Methods Sample Selection and Preparation Sample Selection Powders, Tablets and Capsules Liquids and Suspensions Plant Material Other Matrices Instrumental Techniques General Colour Tests Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Gas Chromatography (GC) Liquid Chromatography (LC) Infrared Techniques (IR) Mass Spectrometry (MS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Other Instrumentation Structural Elucidation Challenges Associated with Seized Drug Analysis Reporting Recommendations Conclusion References Analysis of New Chemical Entities in a Sport Context Introduction Prohibited Substances in Sport Origin of New Performance-Enhancing Drugs Target Compounds and Biological Matrix of Choice From Discovery and Method Development to Routine Analysis Result Management Conclusion References Hair Testing of Doping Agents: Potential and Limitations Diagnostic Value of Blood, Urine and Hair Renal Excretion vs. Hair Incorporation Quantitative Interpretations of Hair Concentration Hair Testing and Anti-doping Testing Review of Empirical Forensic Data Conclusion References Part VI: The Next Challenge What Will the Next Challenges Be? Striving for an Evidence-Based Approach Key Partnerships with the Biopharmaceutical Industry The Challenge of Global Harmonisation Monitoring New Use of Old Drugs Keeping up with the Supplements Industry Misinformation and Popular Misconceptions Evolving the Prohibited List in Response to Current Challenges Intelligence and Investigations to Uncover New Doping Substances Global Collaboration to Address the Challenges References Epilogue Index