Pathology of lung disease : morphology -- pathogenesis -- etiology

Description

Preface Acknowledgements Contents 1: Development of the Lung 1.1 Development of the Lung 1.2 Genetic Control of the Development 1.3 Comparison of Lung Development Across Species References 2: Normal Lung 2.1 Normal Lung 2.2 Gross Morphology 2.3 The Airways 2.4 Comparison of Human Lung to Other Species References 3: Pediatric Pulmonary Pathology 3.1 Developmental and Inherited Lung Diseases 3.2 Aplasia and Acinar/Alveolar Dysgenesis 3.3 Tracheal Agenesis 3.4 Growth Retardation 3.5 Bronchial Atresia, Stenosis, and Bronchomalacia 3.6 Vascular Malformations 3.6.1 Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia With/Without Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins 3.6.2 TBX4-Related Pulmonary Hypertension and Malformation 3.6.3 Diffuse and Localized AV Anastomoses 3.6.4 Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Type IV 3.6.5 Veno-Occlusive Disease 3.6.6 Anomalous Systemic Arterial Supply, Including Sequestration 3.7 Malformations of the Airway System 3.7.1 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM, Formerly CCAM) Type 1, 2, 3 3.7.2 Bronchogenic Cyst 3.7.3 Congenital Lobar Emphysema 3.7.4 Williams–Campbell Syndrome 3.7.5 Mounier–Kuhn Syndrome 3.7.6 Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) Syndrome 3.8 Immotile Cilia Syndrome 3.9 Lung Pathology in Chromosomal Abnormalities 3.10 Inborn Errors of Metabolism 3.10.1 Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis 3.10.2 Niemann–Pick Syndrome 3.10.3 Pulmonary Involvement in Gaucher Disease 3.10.4 Surfactant-Related Disorders 3.11 Cystic Fibrosis 3.12 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy (NEHI) 3.13 Pneumonia in Childhood Including Noninfectious Interstitial Pneumonias 3.13.1 Chronic Pneumonia of Infancy (CPI) 3.13.2 Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP) 3.13.3 Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP) 3.13.4 COPA Syndrome 3.13.5 Idiopathic Eosinophilic Pneumonia in Children 3.13.6 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) 3.14 Mendelson Syndrome in Children and Silent Nocturnal Aspiration References 4: Edema 4.1 Edema 4.2 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) 4.3 Inflammation-Associated Edema References 5: Air Filling Diseases 5.1 Atelectasis 5.2 Emphysema 5.3 Emphysema and Lung Function 5.4 Factors Contributing to Emphysema Development References 6: Airway Diseases 6.1 Tracheitis, Bronchitis 6.2 Bronchial Asthma 6.3 Bronchiolitis References 7: Smoking-Related Lung Diseases 7.1 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 7.2 Respiratory Bronchiolitis: Interstitial Lung Disease (RBILD) 7.3 Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP) 7.4 Smoking-Induced Interstitial Fibrosis (SRIF)/Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (RBILD) 7.5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 7.5.1 What Are the Mechanisms? Why Not Every Smoker Develops COPD? 7.5.2 But What Are the Reasons for these Lymphocytic Infiltrations? 7.6 Acute Lung Injury and Other Morphological Changes Due to e-Cigarette Smoke Inhalation 7.7 Effects of Shisha Smoking References 8: Pneumonia 8.1 Alveolar Pneumonias (Lobar and Bronchopneumonia) 8.1.1 Alveolar Pneumonias (Bronchopneumonia, Lobar Pneumonia; Adult and Childhood) 8.1.1.1 Variants of Bronchopneumonia (Purulent Pneumonia, PN) 8.1.2 Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD), Acute Interstitial Pneumonia 8.1.2.1 What Characterizes DAD Morphologically? 8.1.3 Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP) 8.1.3.1 What Are the Morphologic Characteristics? 8.1.4 Giant Cell Interstitial Pneumonia (GIP; See Also Under Pneumoconiosis) 8.1.5 The Infectious Organisms 8.1.6 HIV Infection and the Lung 8.1.7 SARS-Cov2 Infection 8.1.8 Pneumonia in Children 8.1.8.1 Transplacental Infection Causing Pneumonias in Childhood 8.1.8.2 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) 8.1.8.3 Aspiration Pneumonia 8.1.8.4 HIV Infection 8.2 Granulomatous Pneumonias 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 What Influences Granuloma Formation? Why Necrosis? 8.2.3 Morphologic Spectrum of Epithelioid Cell Granulomas 8.2.4 The Causes of Epithelioid Cell Granulomas and Their Differential Diagnosis 8.2.5 Infectious Epithelioid Cell Granulomas 8.2.5.1 Tuberculosis 8.2.5.2 Mycobacteriosis 8.2.5.3 Granulomatous or Tuberculoid Leprosy 8.2.5.4 Rare Bacterial Infections 8.2.5.5 Mycosis 8.2.5.5.1 Histoplasmosis 8.2.5.5.2 Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis) 8.2.5.5.3 Blastomycosis 8.2.5.5.4 Coccidio- and Paracoccidioidomycosis 8.2.6 The Noninfectious Epithelioid Cell Granuloma 8.2.6.1 Sarcoidosis 8.2.6.2 Chronic Allergic Metal Disease 8.2.6.3 Hypersensitivity Pneumonia (formerly also called Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis; EAA, HP) 8.2.6.4 Sarcoid-Like Reaction 8.2.6.5 Wegener’s Granulomatosis/Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) 8.2.6.6 Rheumatoid Arthritis 8.2.6.7 Bronchocentric Granulomatosis (BCG) 8.2.6.8 Lung Involvement in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease 8.2.6.9 Foreign Body Granuloma 8.2.6.10 Methods to be used for a Definite Diagnosis of Infectious Organisms 8.2.6.11 Microbiome in Pneumonia 8.3 Fibrosing Pneumonias (Interstitial Pneumonias) 8.3.1 Historical Remarks on Interstitial Pneumonia Classification 8.3.2 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP)/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) 8.3.3 Familial IPF (FIPF) 8.3.4 Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP) 8.3.5 Organizing and Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (OP, COP) 8.3.6 Airway-Centered Interstitial Fibrosis (ACIF) 8.3.7 Smoking-Related Interstitial Fibrosis (SRIF) 8.3.8 Radiation-Induced Fibrosis 8.3.9 Atypical Pulmonary Fibrosis 8.3.10 End-Stage Fibrosis References 9: Lung Diseases Based on Adverse Immune Reactions 9.1 Introduction into Interstitial Lung Diseases 9.2 Autoimmune Diseases 9.2.1 Rheumatoid Lung Disease 9.2.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematodes 9.2.3 Systemic Sclerosis 9.2.4 Dermatomyositis/ Polyserositis 9.2.5 Sjøgren’s Disease 9.2.6 Mixed Collagen Vascular Diseases (CVD) 9.2.7 Goodpasture Syndrome 9.2.8 Other Autoimmune Diseases Affecting the Lung 9.2.9 IgG4-Related Sclerosis 9.2.10 Phospholipid Autoantibody- Mediated Lung Disease 9.2.11 Surfactant-Related Interstitial Pneumonias: Alveolar Proteinosis 9.2.12 Autoimmune Diseases in Childhood 9.3 Diseases of the Innate Immune System Based on Genetic Abnormalities 9.3.1 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis 9.3.2 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) 9.3.3 Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome 9.3.4 Erdheim–Chester Disease 9.4 Allergic Diseases 9.4.1 Chronic and Subacute Hypersensitivity Pneumonia 9.4.2 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis 9.4.3 Drug Allergy References 10: Eosinophilic Lung Diseases 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Allergic or Hyperreactive Diseases 10.2.1 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis (Aspergillosis) 10.2.1.1 Mucoid Impaction Type 10.2.1.2 Bronchocentric Granulomatosis 10.2.1.3 Eosinophilic Pneumonia 10.3 Eosinophilic Pneumonias (EP) 10.3.1 Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia 10.3.2 Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia References 11: Vascular Lung Diseases 11.1 Infarct and Thromboembolic Disease 11.2 Vasculitis 11.2.1 Classification of Vasculitis 11.2.2 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 11.2.3 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, Formerly Called Churg–Strauss Vasculitis, CSS) 11.2.4 Microscopic polyangiitis 11.2.5 Panarteritis Nodosa 11.2.6 Secondary Vasculitis with Infection 11.2.7 Secondary Vasculitis Without Infection 11.3 Vascular Diseases and Malformation 11.4 Malformation and Systemic (Inborn) Vascular Diseases in Children 11.5 Pulmonary Hypertension 11.5.1 Mechanisms of PAH 11.6 Alveolar Hemorrhage 11.7 Diseases of the Lymphatics (Adult and Childhood) 11.7.1 Malformation 11.7.2 Obstruction 11.7.3 Inflammation References 12: Metabolic Lung Diseases 12.1 Amyloidosis 12.2 Disturbed Calcium Metabolism 12.2.1 Calcification and Osseous Metaplasia 12.2.2 Metabolic/Metastatic Pulmonary Calcification 12.2.3 Microlithiasis 12.3 Lipid and Surfactant Metabolism 12.3.1 Alveolar Proteinosis 12.3.2 Lipid Accumulation Syndromes 12.4 Glycogen Storage Disease 12.5 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis References 13: Environmentally Induced Lung Diseases and Pneumoconiosis 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Silicosis 13.3 Silicatosis 13.3.1 Asbestosis 13.3.2 Other Silicatoses 13.4 Metal-Induced Pneumoconiosis and Disease 13.4.1 Hard Metal Lung Disease 13.4.2 Aluminosis 13.4.3 Chromium and Vanadium 13.4.4 Tungsten 13.4.5 Cobalt and Cadmium 13.4.6 Mercury 13.4.7 Nickel 13.4.8 Arsenic 13.4.9 Indium, Tin, Iron 13.4.10 Rare Metals and Chronic Allergic Metal Diseases 13.5 Cotton Dust, Flock Workers Lung, Byssinosis 13.6 Man-Made Fibers, Hydrocarbon Compounds, and Polyvinyls 13.6.1 Nanoparticles 13.6.2 Pesticides and Insecticides 13.7 Inhalation of Combustibles 13.8 Cocaine, Marijuana 13.9 Medical Devices References 14: Iatrogenic Lung Pathology 14.1 Drug-Induced Interstitial Lung Diseases 14.2 Action of Drugs and Morphologic Changes Associated with Drug Metabolism 14.2.1 Granulomatous Reactions 14.2.2 DAD Pattern 14.2.3 Organizing Pneumonia Pattern 14.2.4 NSIP and LIP Patterns 14.2.5 UIP Pattern 14.2.6 Vasculitis 14.2.7 Edema 14.2.8 Fibrinous Pneumonia 14.2.9 Lipid Pneumonia 14.3 Iatrogenic Pathology by Radiation References 15: Bronchoalveolar Lavage as a Diagnostic and Research Tool 15.1 Where and When Doing BAL? 15.2 Processing BAL References 16: Lung Transplantation-Related Pathology 16.1 Explant Pathology 16.1.1 Obstructive Diseases 16.1.2 Emphysema 16.1.3 Restrictive Diseases 16.1.4 Vascular Disease (Pulmonary Hypertension) 16.2 Perioperative Complications 16.3 Lung Allograft Rejection 16.3.1 Hyperacute Lung Rejection 16.3.2 Acute Rejection (Grade A) 16.3.3 Chronic Rejection (Grade C and D) 16.3.4 Emerging Immunological Lesions 16.3.4.1 Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Rejection 16.3.5 Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction—CLAD–(Restrictive Allograft Syndrome-RAS) 16.4 Infections 16.4.1 Viral Infection 16.4.2 Bacterial Infection 16.4.3 Fungal Infections 16.5 Tumors 16.6 Other Complications References 17: Lung Tumors 17.A Epithelial Tumors 17.A.1 Benign Epithelial Tumors 17.A.1.1 Bronchial Mucous Gland Adenoma (Salivary Gland Type Adenoma) 17.A.1.2 Mucous Gland Adenoma 17.A.1.3 Serous and Mucinous Cystadenoma, Including Borderline Variants 17.A.1.3.1 Borderline Variant 17.A.1.4 Cystadenofibroma 17.A.1.5 Pleomorphic Adenoma 17.A.1.6 Myoepithelioma 17.A.1.7 Papilloma in Adult and Childhood 17.A.1.7.1 Variants 17.A.1.7.1.1 Transitional Cell Papilloma 17.A.1.7.1.2 Columnar Cell Papilloma 17.A.1.7.1.3 Squamous Cell Intrabronchial Papillomatosis 17.A.1.8 Papillary Adenoma 17.A.1.9 Biphasic Papillary Adenoma and Myomatous Hamartoma 17.A.1.10 Ciliated Muconodular Tumor (CMPT) 17.A.1.11 Sclerosing Pneumocytoma (Formerly Sclerosing Hemangioma) 17.A.1.12 Alveolar Adenoma (Pneumocytoma) 17.A.1.13 Multifocal Nodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia (MNPH) 17.A.1.14 Endometriosis 17.A.1.15 Intrapulmonary Thymoma 17.A.2 In Situ Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions 17.A.2.1 Squamous Cell Dysplasia or Intraepithelial Neoplasia 17.A.2.2 Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia 17.A.2.3 Bronchiolar Columnar Cell Dysplasia 17.A.2.4 Atypical Goblet Cell Hyperplasia 17.A.2.5 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia 17.A.3 Malignant Epithelial Tumors 17.A.3.1 Common Carcinomas 17.A.3.1.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) 17.A.3.1.2 Adenocarcinoma 17.A.3.1.2.1 Adenocarcinoma Variants 17.A.3.1.2.1.1 Invasive Mucinous AC (IMAC) 17.A.3.1.2.1.2 Colloid Adenocarcinoma 17.A.3.1.2.1.3 Enteric Adenocarcinoma 17.A.3.1.2.1.4 Fetal Adenocarcinoma 17.A.3.1.2.1.5 Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma (SRC-AC) 17.A.3.1.3 Large Cell Carcinoma (LC) 17.A.3.2 Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma 17.A.3.3 Adenosquamous Carcinoma 17.A.3.4 Neuroendocrine Carcinomas 17.A.3.4.1 Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (SCLC) 17.A.3.4.2 Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) 17.A.3.4.3 Carcinoid, Typical, Atypical 17.A.3.5 Salivary Gland Type Carcinomas 17.A.3.5.1 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC) 17.A.3.5.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) 17.A.3.5.3 Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma (EMEC) 17.A.3.5.4 Acinic Cell Carcinoma (AciCC) 17.A.3.6 The Sarcomatoid Carcinomas 17.A.3.6.1 Spindle Cell Carcinoma 17.A.3.6.2 Giant Cell Carcinoma 17.A.3.6.3 Pleomorphic Carcinoma 17.A.3.6.4 Pulmonary Blastoma 17.A.3.6.5 Carcinosarcoma 17.A.3.7 Rare Undifferentiated Carcinomas 17.A.3.7.1 NUT Carcinoma 17.A.3.7.2 SMARCA4 and SMARCA2-Deficient Carcinoma 17.A.3.8 Primary Intrapulmonary Germ Cell Neoplasms 17.A.3.8.1 Embryonal Carcinoma 17.A.3.8.2 Choriocarcinoma 17.A.3.8.3 Yolk Sac Tumor 17.B Benign and Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors 17.B.1 Hamartoma 17.B.2 Smooth Muscle Tumors 17.B.2.1 Leiomyoma 17.B.2.2 Leiomyosarcoma and Metastasizing Leiomyoma 17.B.3 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) 17.B.4 PEComa (Clear Cell Tumor, Sugar Tumor) 17.B.5 Fibromatous Tumors 17.B.5.1 Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Fibroma), Benign and Malignant 17.B.5.2 Inflammatory Pseudotumor (IPT)/Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT) 17.B.5.3 IGG4-Related Fibrosis/Tumor 17.B.5.4 Undifferentiated Soft Tissue Sarcoma (Formerly Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Also Epithelioid Sarcoma) 17.B.6 Chondroma, Osteoma, Lipoma 17.B.7 Tumors with Nervous Differentiation 17.B.7.1 Schwannoma and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheet Tumor (MNPST) Granular Cell Schwannoma, Myxoid Schwannoma 17.B.8 Triton Tumor 17.B.9 Paraganglioma 17.B.10 Pulmonary Meningioma 17.B.11 Vascular Tumors 17.B.11.1 Hemangioma 17.B.11.2 Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis 17.B.11.3 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma, Angiosarcoma 17.B.11.4 Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma (PAIS; Giant Cell Sarcoma of Large Pulmonary Blood Vessels; Vascular Leiomyosarcoma of Large Pulmonary Blood Vessels) 17.B.11.5 Kaposi Sarcoma 17.B.11.6 Lymphangioma, Lymphangiomatosis (Pulmonary and Systemic) 17.B.11.7 Lymphangiosarcoma 17.B.11.8 Meningothelial Nodules (Chemodectoma) 17.B.11.9 Tumors of Pericytic Lineage 17.B.12 Primary Melanoma of the Bronchus 17.C Hematologic Tumors Primarily Arising in the Lung 17.C.1 Pseudolymphoma 17.C.2 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease 17.C.3 Lymphomas 17.C.3.1 Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of BALT Type (BALT-Lymphoma) 17.C.3.2 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) 17.C.3.3 Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma 17.C.3.4 Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma 17.C.3.5 Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis 17.C.3.6 Castleman’s and Waldenstroem’s Disease 17.C.4 Dendritic Cell and Histiocytic Tumors 17.C.4.1 Interdigitating and Follicular Dendritic (Reticulum) Cell Tumor 17.C.4.2 Malignant Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Abt-Letterer-Siwe) 17.C.4.3 Malignant Histiocytic Sarcoma 17.C.4.4 Erdheim–Chester Disease 17.D Childhood Tumors 17.D.1 Congenital Peribronchial Myofibroblastic Tumor 17.D.2 Fetal Lung Interstitial Tumor (FLIT) 17.D.3 Pleuropulmonary Blastoma 17.D.4 Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Arising in CPAM 17.D.5 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Papillomatosis 17.D.6 Capillary Hemangiomatosis References 18: Metastasis 18.1 Tumor Establishment and Cell Migration 18.1.1 Angiogenesis, Hypoxia, and Stroma (Microenvironment) 18.1.2 The Role of Hypoxia in Tumor Cell Migration and Metastasis 18.1.3 Escaping Immune Cell Attack 18.1.4 Migration 18.2 Vascular Invasion, Lymphatic/Hematologic 18.2.1 Blood Vessels 18.2.2 Lymphatic Vessels 18.3 Extravasation 18.4 Preparing the Distant Metastatic Focus 18.4.1 Angiogenesis 18.4.2 Metastasis 18.4.3 Brain Metastasis 18.4.4 Lung Metastasis 18.4.5 Bone Metastasis 18.4.6 Pleural Metastasis 18.4.7 Lymph Node Metastasis 18.5 Metastasis to the Lung 18.5.1 Differentiation of Metastasis from Primary Lung Carcinomas 18.5.2 Examples of Common Carcinoma Metastasis to the Lung 18.5.3 Sarcomas Metastasizing to the Lung References 19: Molecular Pathology of Lung Tumors 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Therapy-Relevant Molecular Changes in Pulmonary Carcinomas 19.2.1 NSCLC and Angiogenesis 19.2.2 NSCLC and Cisplatin Drugs, the Effect of Antiapoptotic Signaling 19.2.3 Thymidylate Synthase Blocker 19.2.4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Lung Carcinomas 19.2.5 TP53 the Tumor Suppressor Gene 19.2.6 Adenocarcinomas 19.2.6.1 EGFR 19.2.6.2 KRAS 19.2.6.3 EML4-ALK and Additional Fusion Partners 19.2.6.4 ROS1 19.2.6.5 KIF5B and RET 19.2.6.6 BRAF 19.2.6.7 NTRK 19.2.6.8 MET 19.2.6.9 Neuregulin1 (NRG1) 19.2.6.10 Other Genes 19.2.7 Squamous Cell Carcinomas 19.2.7.1 FGFR1 19.2.7.2 DDR2 and FGFR2 19.2.7.3 SOX2 Amplification 19.2.7.4 PTEN Mutation-Deletion 19.2.7.5 PDGFRA Amplification 19.2.7.6 CDKN2A (p16) Mutation, Deletion, and Methylation 19.2.7.7 Notch1 Mutation 19.2.7.8 REL Amplification 19.2.8 Large Cell Carcinoma 19.2.9 Other Types of Large Cell Carcinomas 19.2.10 The Neuroendocrine Carcinomas 19.2.10.1 Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma 19.2.10.2 Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma 19.2.10.3 Carcinoids 19.2.11 Salivary Gland Type Carcinomas 19.2.11.1 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma 19.2.11.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma 19.2.12 Sarcomatoid Carcinomas (SC) 19.3 Preneoplastic Lesions 19.3.1 When the Neoplastic Process Starts? And What to Analyze? 19.3.2 Hyperplasia of Goblet Cells and Squamous Metaplasia/Dysplasia 19.3.3 Genetic Aberrations in AAH 19.3.4 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia 19.4 Selected Examples of Benign Epithelial and Mesenchymal Lung Tumors 19.4.1 Benign Epithelial Tumors 19.4.2 Sclerosing Pneumocytoma 19.4.3 Tumors Induced by Mutations of the TSC Genes (Related to Tuberous Sclerosis) 19.4.4 Multifocal Nodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia (MNPH) 19.4.5 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) 19.4.6 Clear Cell Tumor (Sugar Tumor, PEComa = Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor) 19.5 Malignant Tumors of Childhood 19.5.1 Pleuropulmonary Blastoma 19.5.2 Congenital Myofibroblastic Tumor 19.6 Final Remarks References 20: Immunotherapy of Lung Tumors References 21: Diseases of the Pleura 21.1 Hemorrhage 21.2 Effusion 21.3 Inflammation: Pleuritis 21.3.1 Purulent Pleuritis 21.3.2 Eosinophilic Pleuritis 21.3.3 Hemorrhagic Pleuritis 21.3.4 Chronic Pleuritis 21.4 Tumors 21.4.1 Mesothelioma 21.4.1.1 Variants Localized Mesothelioma Adenomatoid Mesothelioma Well-Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma 21.4.1.2 Multicystic Mesothelioma 21.5 Adenomatoid Tumor 21.6 Other Tumors of the Pleura 21.6.1 Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Pleura (Fibroma, SFT) 21.6.2 Desmoid Tumor 21.6.3 Calcifying (Fibrous) Pleura Tumor (CPT) 21.6.4 Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Pleura 21.6.5 Primary Fibrosarcoma 21.6.6 Undifferentiated Sarcoma Arising in the Lung and/or Pleura (Formerly Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, MFH) 21.6.7 Desmoplastic Round Cell Tumor 21.7 Metastasis to the Pleura References 22: Lung Tumors in Experimental Models 22.1 History 22.2 Tobacco Inhalation Experiments 22.3 Why Adenocarcinomas in Mice and Rats? 22.4 Cell Cultures of Lung Carcinomas 22.5 Xenograft Transplantation of Human Carcinomas/Cell Cultures into Nude Mice 22.6 Organoid Culture Systems 22.7 Differences in Chemically Induced Lung Tumors Compared to Humans 22.8 The Urethane Model 22.9 Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Lung Cancer 22.10 The Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Models 22.10.1 Histopathology of Adenocarcinomas 22.10.2 Immunohistochemistry as an Aid to Identify the Precursor Cell Population 22.10.3 Progression of Adenocarcinomas 22.10.4 Specific Changes Induced by Genetic Modifications 22.10.4.1 Signet Ring Cell Formation 22.10.4.2 Oxyphilic/Oncocytic Changes 22.10.5 Do Mouse Adenocarcinomas Resemble Human Adenocarcinomas? 22.10.6 Differences in Mouse and Human Lung Morphology as Explanation for Different Adenocarcinoma Appearance 22.10.7 Genetic Differences between Mouse and Human Adenocarcinomas 22.10.8 Cellular Origin of Adenocarcinomas 22.11 The Small Cell Carcinoma Models 22.12 Models of Metastasis References 23: Handling of Tissues and Cells 23.1 Biopsies 23.2 Videothoracoscopic Lung Biopsy (VATS) and Open Lung Biopsy (OLB) 23.3 Resection Specimen 23.4 Frozen Section Handling and Evaluation 23.5 Handling of Cells 23.6 Microbiology