Aid, trade and development : the future of globalization

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Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Author Also by Constantine Michalopoulos Acronyms List of Tables 1 Introduction Reference 2 Growth Constraints, Aid Targets, and Basic Needs Introduction Development Constraints Aid Targets The Oil Crisis and Its Aftermath Aid Effectiveness Who Benefits References 3 Export Pessimism and the Neoclassical Revival Introduction Export Promotion and Import Substitution Neoclassical Revival Coherence The Tokyo Round Aid Untying Textiles Commodities Looking Back, Looking Forward References 4 Debt and Adjustment: Muddling Through Introduction The Different Debt Problems The 1980s Developing Country Policies and the “Washington Consensus” World Bank Programs Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa Developed Country Policies The Brady Plan Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Conclusions References 5 The Collapse of Planning and the Troubled Transition Introduction Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union 1989–1991 Aid to Russia and the New Independent States 1992–1998 Privatization Oligarchs or Kleptocrats Integration into the World Trading System Trade Policies in CEE and FSU Market Access Aid and Trade Effectiveness References 6 The Birth of the WTO Introduction The Uruguay Round and the Development Dimension of the WTO Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries Special Measures for LDCs Developing Country Trade Policies Tariffs Non-Tariff Measures Trade Remedies Services Preferential Trade Arrangements Developed Country Policies Non-Tariff Measures Trade Remedies SPS and TBT Services WTO’s Early Years The Debacle in Seattle References 7 The Many Faces of Globalization Introduction Growth and Poverty in the 1990s East Asia: Miracles and Controversies Sub-Saharan Africa: Left Behind? Latin America on the Rebound Middle East: Treading Water Europe and Central Asia: Transition and Disruption South Asia: Steady Progress Globalization, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation Trade and Poverty7 Developing Country Policies Developed Country Trade Policies Political Economy Issues Capital Flows Foreign Direct Investment Aid in the 1990s Approaching the Millennium References 8 Millennium Aid, Trade, and Development Introduction The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The Monterrey Consensus Aid Effectiveness The Millennium Development Goals Campaign The Doha Round Aid for Trade The Integrated Framework Aid for Trade for Other Developing Countries And What About Globalization? References 9 Liberalism in Retreat Introduction An Overview of Developments Since 2009 Development Finance Levels Aid Effectiveness: The Multilateral Commitments Aid Effectiveness: Program Changes Debt International Trade The Death of Doha Preferential Trade Agreements The Appellate Body The China Problem Increased Protectionism And What About Poverty? Conclusion References 10 Sustainable Development Goals Introduction: The MDGs at 2015 The SDGs Challenges of Monitoring and Implementation Financing Public Support Political Commitment References 11 The Rise of Populism and Anti-Globalization Introduction Globalization—Once Again Trade Migration Capital Flows “Washington” and “Brussels” Brexit Grexit Conclusion References 12 The Plague Years Introduction The Early Days International Cooperation The Short-Term Economic Impact Vaccines and the 2021 Rebound The Longer Term and the SDGs References 13 Toward an Equitable Re-Globalization Introduction De-Globalization and Import Substitution Robots Do not Fall Ill Safety Nets The Refugee Crisis Foreign Direct Investment: Rising Market Concentration International Trade Short Term Priorities The Dispute Settlement Mechanism The Environment and Climate Change Subsidies Technology Transfer How to Move Forward Conclusion References 14 Reviving Multilateralism Introduction Aid Needs in the Short Term Debt Relief Long Term Financing Needs Environment and Climate Change IFIs and the New Banks Aid Effectiveness—Bilateral Programs The Challenges Ahead Moving Forward Together Concluding Remarks References Index