Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates

Description

This edited book presents the first collection of case studies and research projects on the sustainable technology of constructed wetlands for wastewater management under hot and arid climates. It is the first such work that summarizes in a single reference the current international experiences and knowledge on the implementation of this nature-based solution under these diverse and often harsh climatic conditions. It covers the relevant gap in the fragmented and limited literature by providing integrated information and documentation on the feasibility of this green technology. The book presents the treatment efficiency of constructed wetland facilities and the research output from 29 different countries across South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, while it covers various applications such as domestic and municipal wastewater, various industrial effluents and municipal sludge. Many examples and case studies further demonstrate the potential of this technology to contribute to better address the issues of water scarcity and limited fresh water resources through circular management of treated effluents e.g. reuse in irrigation. It also discusses the various challenges and technical aspects that should be considered in such climates, along with the environmental, financial and social benefits of this technology. This work is a useful handbook and guide for professional engineers, practitioners, academics, researchers, students, and water authorities who wish to get a better understanding and first-hand information on the potential of constructed wetlands for cost-effective and sustainable wastewater management in countries with hot and arid climates. Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Constructed Wetlands as a Green and Sustainable Technology for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under the Arid Climate of Rural Areas in Morocco 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Current Status of Sanitation in Moroccan Rural Areas 1.3 Barriers for Wastewater Treatment in Moroccan Rural Areas 1.4 Sanitation Strategic Action Plans in Morocco 1.5 Application of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Rural Areas 1.5.1 Overview of Pilot-Scale CWs for Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Morocco 1.5.2 Full-Scale CWs for Domestic Wastewater in Moroccan Rural Areas 1.6 Future Considerations on the Application of CWs in Rural Areas under Arid Climate 1.7 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Efficiency of Constructed Wetlands and Wastewater Stabilization Ponds for Wastewater Treatment in Northern Algerian Sahara 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Brézina Constructed Wetland 2.2.1 Design of Brézina Constructed Wetland 2.2.2 Efficiency of Brézina Constructed Wetland 2.3 Temacine Constructed Wetland 2.3.1 Design of Temacine Constructed Wetland 2.3.2 Efficiency of Temacine CW 2.4 Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Stabilization Pond 2.4.1 Design of Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Stabilization Pond 2.4.2 Efficiency of Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Treatment Pond 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: A Review of Constructed Wetlands Types and Plants Used for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Water and Wastewater in Egypt 3.3 Constructed Wetlands (CWs) 3.3.1 Constructed Wetland Types 3.3.2 Plants Used in CWs in Egypt 3.4 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Two Decades of Experience on Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt, Palestine and Tunisia 4.1 Introduction 4.2 IRIDRA Experience on NBS in Hot and Dry Climates 4.2.1 Chorfech, Tunisia 4.2.2 Chorfech Primary School, Tunisia 4.2.3 Hajja and Sarra, Palestine 4.2.4 Palestinian Bedouin Villages 4.2.5 Sekem School, Egypt 4.3 Conclusions: Lessons Learnt 4.3.1 Design Recommendation 4.3.2 Implementation 4.3.3 Water Reuse References Chapter 5: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management in Egypt: An Overview of 30-Years Experiences in Small/Medium-Size Treatment Plants 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Plants in Constructed Wetlands 5.2 Domestic Wastewater in Egypt 5.2.1 Wastewater Production 5.2.2 Wastewater Reuse in Egypt 5.3 Constructed Wetlands in Egypt 5.3.1 Lake Manzala CW Project 5.3.2 Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia 5.3.3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Sinai via Gravel Bed Hydroponics Wetlands 5.3.4 Cilioprotists as Biological and Pollution Indicators of GBHW Efficiency 5.3.5 Hydroponic Rooftop Gardens in Informally Developed Areas in Egypt 5.3.6 Constructed Wetland in a Remote Area for Greywater Treatment 5.3.7 Greywater Treatment Using Different Designs of Gravel or Sand Bed Hydroponic Filters 5.3.8 Integration of UASB and Two Different CWs 5.3.9 Sewage Water Treatment by UASB Followed by CWs 5.3.10 Blackwater and Greywater Treatment in UASB Followed by CW 5.3.11 Investigation of the CW Inlet Area Shape 5.3.12 Agriculture Drainage Water Treatment in FWS CW Followed by Floating Aquatic Plant CW 5.3.13 Combination of Sedimentation Process and CWs 5.3.14 Combination of UASB and Hybrid CW for Sewage Treatment 5.3.15 Combination of Sedimentation Process and a Hybrid CWs for Blackwater Treatment 5.3.16 Enhancement of Degreasing/Settling Tank Followed by CW for Greywater Treatment 5.4 Role of CWs in Heavy Metals Removal 5.4.1 Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland 5.4.2 Fate of Heavy Metals in CWs for Greywater Treatment 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Constructed Wetland as an Efficient Technology for the Treatment of Urban/Industrial Wastewater in the Arid Regions: Morocco as a Model 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Current Status of Wastewater Treatment in Morocco 6.3 Comparative Approach for Wastewater Treatment 6.4 Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Wastewater Treatment under Different Operation Conditions in Morocco 6.5 A Pilot CW for Urban and Industrial Wastewater Treatment in an Arid Area of Morocco 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Horticulture Wastewater Treatment Under a Hot Climate in Ethiopia 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Pilot 7.2.2 Experimental Duration and Sampling 7.2.3 Starting Up the Wastewater Treatment Process 7.3 Results 7.4 Discussion 7.4.1 Opportunities and Challenges 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Constructed Wetlands in a Community Setting in Mombasa, Kenya 8.1 Historical Context and Site Development 8.2 Materials and Methods 8.2.1 Geographical and Climatic Setting 8.2.2 Constructed Wetland Design and Operation 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Performance Results 8.3.2 Operation and Maintenance of the CW 8.3.3 Management and Regulation of the CW 8.3.3.1 Role of the Developer 8.3.3.2 Role of Authorities 8.3.4 Barriers 8.3.4.1 Operational Issues 8.3.4.2 Societal Issues 8.4 Discussion 8.5 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Performance of Constructed Wetlands in a Hot Tropical Climate: The Case of Tanzania 9.1 Suitability of Constructed Wetlands in Hot Tropical Climates 9.2 The Tanzanian Experience 9.2.1 Mass Transfer, Velocity-Based Design 9.2.2 Modified Design Equation for the Pathogen Removal in a HSSF CW 9.2.3 Choice of Macrophytes 9.2.4 Wetland Substrates and Soils 9.2.5 Coupling the CW with Other Treatment Systems 9.2.6 Volarisation of Treated Wastewater 9.2.7 Improvement of Wildlife Habitat 9.3 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Constructed Wetlands Lessons from Three Middle East Countries : The Effect of Plants and Filter Media on CW Performance 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Israel 10.2.1 Evaluation of CW-Effluent Chemical Quality 10.2.2 Evaluation of the Microbial Quality of CW-Effluent 10.3 Jordan 10.3.1 Jordanian CWs Effluent Quality 10.4 Palestine 10.5 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Performance of Decentralized Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation in Jordan: Enhancing Nitrogen Removal 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Site Description 11.2.2 Experimental Setup 11.2.3 Recirculating VFCW 11.2.3.1 Operational Modification 11.2.4 Two-Stage VFCW System 11.2.4.1 Operational Modification 11.2.5 Sampling and Water Quality Analysis 11.2.6 Statistical Methods 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Recirculating VFCW 11.3.2 Two-Stage VFCW 11.4 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Oman: Experiences from Research and Case Studies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Onsite Domestic Wastewater Treatment 12.3 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment 12.4 Aerated Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment 12.5 Surface Flow Constructed Wetland for Oily Produced Water Treatment 12.6 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment – Case Studies from Pakistan 13.1 Background 13.2 Domestic Wastewater Treatment 13.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 13.4 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Constructed Wetland Case Studies for Municipal and Glass Industry Wastewater Treatment in Iran 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A Constructed Wetland Case Study for Glass Industry Wastewater Treatment 14.2.1 Design and Operation of the CW 14.2.2 Treatment Performance 14.3 A Constructed Wetland Case Study for Dormitory Wastewater Treatment 14.3.1 Design and Operation of the CW 14.3.2 Treatment Performance 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Research and Case Studies of Sludge Treatment Wetlands in Hot and Arid Climates: Experiences and Opportunities for Sustainable Sludge Management 15.1 Introduction to Sludge Management 15.1.1 Sludge Treatment Processes 15.2 Sludge Treatment Wetlands 15.3 Sludge Treatment Wetland Optimization Through Pilot Scale Experiments 15.3.1 Materials and Methods 15.3.2 First Experimental Results 15.4 STW Case Studies in Hot and Arid Climates (Middle East and Australia) 15.4.1 Bahrain 15.4.2 Jordan 15.4.3 United Arab Emirates 15.4.4 Qatar 15.4.5 Oman 15.4.6 Australia 15.5 Conclusions References Chapter 16: Full-Scale Experiences of Arid and Semi-Arid Land-Based Decentralized Constructed Wetlands in India and China 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Constructed Wetland – A Decentralized Solution for Arid/Semi-Arid Regions 16.2.1 Treatment Configurations and Investigated Wastewaters 16.2.2 Emerging Macrophytes of India and China – An Overview 16.2.3 Functional Mechanisms Involved in Pollutant’s Removal 16.3 Performance Analysis of Point and Non-point Sources of Wastewater 16.3.1 Organics and Solids Removal 16.3.2 Nitrogen Removal 16.3.3 Phosphorus Removal 16.3.4 Heavy Metal Removal 16.4 Operational Parameters of Relevance for CWs 16.5 Climatic Factors Associated with Performance of CWs 16.6 Sustainability Aspects and Future Perspectives 16.7 Conclusions References Chapter 17: Performance Assessment of Constructed Wetland in a Semi-arid Region in India Employing SWOT Analysis 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Performance of CW in Arid and Semi-arid Regions 17.2 Methodology 17.3 Results and Performance Evaluation 17.4 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Novel Media and Unit Configurations in Advanced Constructed Wetlands: Case Studies Under Hot Climate in Thailand 18.1 Introduction of Advanced Constructed Wetlands 18.2 Novel Media Modifications and Modified Unit Configurations 18.3 Natural Treatment Processes in Wetlands and Plant-Microbe Ecology 18.4 Treatment Performance of ACWs: Organic Matters, Emerging Pollutants and Nutrients 18.5 Application of Advanced Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Mitigation: Case Studies in Hot Climate Countries 18.5.1 Performance of Novel Constructed Wetlands for Treating Solar Septic Tank Effluent [38] 18.5.2 Integration of the Innovative On-site Wastewater Treatment and ACW System Without Plants for Treating Black Water [39] 18.6 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Treatment Wetlands in Atacama Desert, Chile: Experiences and Lesson Learnt from Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 19.1 The Atacama Desert 19.2 Wastewater into Atacama Desert: Characteristics and Management 19.3 Experimental Development by CIDERH-UNAP 19.3.1 Experimental Treatment Wetlands on the Coastal of the Atacama Desert 19.3.2 Effluent Reuse: Aeroponic Cultivation Systems 19.4 Conclusions References Chapter 20: Wastewater Gardens Systems in Yucatan, Mexico; Northwest Australia; Northern Algeria and Southern Iraq 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Case Studies 20.2.1 Biosphere 2, Southern Arizona, USA 20.2.2 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico 20.2.3 Kimberley Region, Northwest Australia 20.2.4 Northern Sahara, Region of Touggourt, Tamacine, Algeria 20.2.5 El Chibaish, Southern Iraq 20.3 Conclusions: Constructed Wetlands as Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment and Intelligent and Resilient Resource Utilization for Environmental Integration References Chapter 21: Selected Constructed Wetlands Case Studies in Africa, Asian and Latin American Countries 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Constructed Wetland Designs 21.2 Case Studies of CWs in Africa 21.2.1 Egypt 21.2.2 South Africa 21.2.3 Tanzania 21.2.4 Uganda 21.2.5 Kenya 21.2.6 Algeria 21.3 Case Studies of CWs in Asia 21.3.1 Thailand 21.3.2 Nepal 21.3.3 Iran 21.3.4 Pakistan 21.4 Case Studies of CWs in Latin America 21.4.1 Brazil 21.4.2 Chile 21.4.3 Cuba 21.4.4 Equador 21.5 Conclusions References