The Integration of Descendants of Migrants from Turkey in Stockholm: The TIES Study in Sweden

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Cover Contents Acknowledgements and contributors 1 Introduction Charles Westin, Alireza Behtoui, Constanza Vera Larrucea, Ali Osman 2 Historical and demographic considerations Constanza Vera Larrucea 3 Educational achievement Alireza Behtoui 4 Social capital Alireza Behtoui 5 Perceptions of discrimination Alireza Behtoui 6 Identity: Belonging, language and transnationalism Constanza Vera Larrucea 7 The labour market Lena Schröder 8 Conclusions Alireza Behtoui List of Tables Table 2.1 Age distribution, by parents’ country of birth and gender (in %). Target group = descendants of migrants from Turkey; reference group = young people of Swedish origin Table 2.2 Marital status for target and reference groups (in %) Table 2.3 Respondents having left their parental home, target and reference groups (in %) Table 2.4 Reasons for leaving the parental home (in %) Table 2.5 Parents’ province of origin (in %) Table 2.6 Parents’ ethnicity (self-identification) (in %) Table 2.7 Parents’ age of migration to Sweden Table 2.8 Parents’ reasons to migrate to Sweden (in %) Table 2.9 Parents’ reasons to migrate, by ethnic groups (in %) Table 2.10 Citizenship position (in %) Table 2.11 Grounds for citizenship acquisition (in %) Table 3.1 School segregation at primary school level, by age for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.2 Repeating primary school class, by gender for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.3 Having spent more than three months abroad during the primary school period (in %) Table 3.4 Segregation at secondary school level, by age for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.5 Repeating classes (secondary school) for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.6 Highest educational level, by gender for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.7 Remedial tutoring or homework coaching during secondary school (in %) Table 3.8 Relations with teachers and other students, for target and reference groups Table 3.9 Number of friends of native parentage, for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.10 Years of education, father and mother, for target and reference groups (standard deviations in parentheses) Table 3.11 Number of books available at the parental home, for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.12 Years of education, older siblings (in %, standard deviations in parentheses) Table 3.13 Years of education, OLS regression, unstandardised (b) and standardised (Beta) coefficients Table 3.14 The role of the immediate support group during secondary school, for target and reference groups (in %) Table 3.15 Involvement of parents in education, for target and reference groups (in %) Table 4.1 Three best friends in secondary school, ‘ethnicity’ and education, by education for target and reference groups (in %) Table 4.2 Three current best friends, ‘ethnicity’ and education, by education for target and reference groups (in %) Table 4.3 Number of friends with native background at two different points in time (in %) Table 4.4 Rate of participation in social organisations for target and reference groups (in %) Table 4.5 ‘Ethnicity’ of partner (for those who have a partner), by gender (in %) Table 4.6 Mean age differences between partners (for those who have a partner), by gender Table 4.7 Current labour market situation of the partner (for those who have a partner), by gender for target and reference groups (in %; numbers in parentheses) Table 5.1 Personal experiences of discrimination for target and reference groups (in %) Table 5.2 Three situations of experiencing personal discrimination (in %) Table 5.3 Three groups in Sweden that are perceived to be discriminated against (in %) Table 5.4 The situations in which Turks as a group are perceived to be ‘frequently’ or ‘regularly’ discriminated against (in %) Table 5.5 Logistic estimate results for perceived discrimination, odds ratio, only descendants of migrants included Table 6.1 Sense of belonging to the Swedish group (in %) Table 6.2 Belonging to the Swedish community, by ethnic group (in %) Table 6.3 Identifying as Stockholmers (in %) Table 6.4 Turkish belonging (in %) Table 6.5 Belonging to the Turkish group, by ethnicity (in %) Table 6.6 Belonging to the Kurdish and Syriani groups for Kurds and Syriacs respectively (in %) Table 6.7 European belonging (in %) Table 6.8 Religious upbringing (in %) Table 6.9 Current religious affiliation (in %) Table 6.10 Sense of Muslim belonging or identification (in %) Table 6.11 Sense of belonging to the Syrian Orthodox Church (and community) (in %) Table 6.12 Self-perception of Swedish language proficiency. Valid and cumulative % Table 6.13 Self-perception of Turkish/Kurdish/Suryoyo language proficiency. Valid and cumulative % Table 6.14 Self-perception of oral proficiency of Turkish/Kurdish/Suryoyo language (in %) Table 6.15 Self-perception of writing proficiency of Turkish/Kurdish/Suryoyo language (in %) Table 6.16 Language used when talking to friends, by ethnic group (in %) Table 6.17 Language used when talking to father (in %) Table 6.18 Language used when talking to mother (in %) Table 6.19 Language used when talking to brothers and sisters (in %) Table 6.20 Transnational practices: forms of contact (in %) Table 6.21 Transnational practices: size of remittances (in %) Table 6.22 Transnational practices, by ethnicity (in %) Table 6.23 Desire to live in Turkey (in %) Table 7.1 Distribution of age categories and mean age (in %) Table 7.2 Main activity at time of interview, by gender and age (in %)* Table 7.3 Distribution of jobs at time of interview across industrial sectors, by gender and age (in %) Table 7.4 Monthly wage after taxes at time of interview, by gender (in %) Table 7.A1 Odds ratios for being employed or self-employed; men and women Table 7.A2 Odds ratios for being employed or self-employed; women Table 7.A3 Odds ratios for being employed or self-employed; men Table 7.A4 Odds ratios for being neither employed nor in education or training (NEET); men and women List of Figures Figure 7.1 Unemployment in % of the labour force, ages 20-24 and 25-64, 1963-2008 Figure 7.2 Employed and self-employed at time of interview, by age and gender (in %) Figure 7.3 NEET rate at time of interview, by age and gender (in %) Figure 7.4 ‘Do you consider yourself overqualified in your current job?’ Percentage answering YES