Security and Defence: Ethical and Legal Challenges in the Face of Current Conflicts

Description

This book aspires to face the challenge of analyzing with due academic rigor, always in the paradigm of security and advanced sciences, but without forgetting the ethical questions that our world raises every day. The work is divided into two main sections: the first section is focused on the cyber world, with not only technical but also legal derivations given the expansion of vulnerabilities and our technological dependence. The second section, with a more interdisciplinary nature, runs through undeniably topical issues such as territorial problems and the potential decline of the traditional States, the communicational impact of information management and false news, or the commitment to essential freedoms for the West.   This book connects advanced technologies and ethical issues and includes discussions on recent crises such as COVID-19. It also provides an interdisciplinary view on the ethical issues for security technologies. Foreword: Rule of Law. Looking for a Warrior Ethos Introduction Contents Sciences and Technologies; Cyberworld Conflicts Outer Space’s Legal Framework, Challenges, and Policies 1 Foreword 2 Legal Frameworks of Activities in Outer Space 3 UN Space Agencies 4 Space Exploration and Private Industry 4.1 NASA Space Exploration 4.2 Private Industry in Space 5 Challenges of Privatization 6 Defense, Militarization and Space 7 The Atlantic Alliance’s Approach to Space. A New NATO’s Space Doctrine? 8 The European Union and Outer Space; The European Union Space Program 9 Final Remarks References A New Arms Race in Space? Options for Arms Control in Outer Space 1 Introduction 2 Legacy of the Cold War: Dual-Use, Restraint and Space Debris 2.1 What Are Space Weapons? 2.2 Military Use in Outer Space 3 New Anti-satellite Tests: Counterspace, Electronic Warfare and Missile Defence 4 Threats and Space Doctrines: New Fighting Domains 5 International Rules and Arms Control in the “Interest of All States”? References Cyberspace, Artificial Intelligence, and the Domain of War. Ethical Challenges and the Guidelines Proposed by the Latin American Development Bank 1 Introduction 2 Wars Across the Time 3 Cyber Security 4 Actors of Cyberspace 5 Strengthening Security Through the Ethical Use of Data 6 Implementation 7 The Case of Colombia 8 First Guideline—Implementation 9 Second Guideline—Data Governance 10 Third Guideline—Human Resource 11 Conclusions References Cybersecurity in the Second Decade of the Twenty-First Century 1 Introduction 2 A Few Words About Cybersecurity 3 The Second Decade of the Twenty-First Century 4 Study Cases 4.1 Stuxnet 4.2 Wikileaks 4.3 Anonymous 4.4 Sony Pictures 4.5 Black Energy 4.6 Russiagate 4.7 Equifax 2017 4.8 Wannacry-NotPetya 2017 4.9 Cambridge Analytica 4.10 Solar Winds 5 Conclusions References Cybercompliance: A Legal but also Ethical Concept that Allows to Reduce the Current High Risks of Corporations 1 Introduction. Cybercrime: A Brief Historical Review 2 Modus Operandi and Trend Evolution in Cybercrime 3 Cyber Objectives and Regulations 3.1 Cyber Objectives 3.2 Regulations 4 Sequence of Conclusions 4.1 Regulations, Too Many or Not Enough? Problems 4.2 Internal Policies and Rules 4.3 Cybercompliance. Legal Entity Liability. An Analysis Focused on Compliance in Cyberspace References Criminal Law and the Risks Posed by Internet. An Examination of Spanish Criminal Law 1 The Background 2 The Response of Criminal Law 2.1 The Advancement of Punitive Barriers: The Application of the Concept of Crimes of Abstract Danger 2.2 The Reformulation of Certain Criminal Concepts 2.3 The Creation of New Offences 3 Transborder Issues; the Difficulties of Prosecution 3.1 The Harmonisation of Legal Provisions 3.2 Procedural Instruments 3.3 Areas of Competence and International Cooperation Between Police and Legal Systems 4 Conclusions References Human Rights, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Elements of a Complex Algorithm 1 Consequences of the Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Society 2 Human and Fundamental Digital Rights, Getting the Future Right 3 Discussion References The Challenge of Disinformation for National Security 1 Introduction 2 Disinformation in the Post-truth Era 3 The Perpetrators: Disinformation Actors 4 Disinformation Strategic Goals 5 The Strategic Logic of Disinformation in International Relations 6 How to Fight Disinformation Campaigns in Democratic Societies 7 Conclusion References Ethics and Law Facing Other Current Conflicts Ethical Behaviour and Social Responsability from the Perspective of Modern Psychology 1 Past Ideas—Social Psychology Experiments 1.1 Asch Conformity Experiment 1.2 Milgram Experiment 1.3 Stanford Prison Experiment 1.4 Summary—Hope for a Better World 2 Times of Doubt 2.1 XX Century—Process of Changing Values of Social Responsibility 3 What Happened at the Beginning of 21st Century? 3.1 Between Biological Determination and Individualistic Freedom 3.2 Return to Humanism and Individualistic Development - Positive Psychology Framework 4 What Can We Expect in the Future? 4.1 What Are We Left with? 5 Conclusions References Conflict and Territory: A Legal and Metalegal Approach. The Case of Spain 1 Introduction and Context 1.1 Forms of Government and State 1.2 The Genesis Towards the Modern State from a Continental Point of View 1.3 The Common Good as Justification of the State 2 Why Do Societies Increasingly Delegate More Powers to Peripheral Entities? 2.1 On the Way to Organize Power and the State 2.2 The Social Constructivism Typical of Current Constitutions 2.3 Centrifugal Territorial Distribution of Power in the Current Political Architecture 2.4 Personalism and Law 3 The Crisis of the State? 4 The Spanish Case 5 Conclusions and Learned Lessons References Ethical Considerations in the Area of Operations. The Use of Unmanned Military Systems and the Introduction of Artificial Intelligence on the Battlefield 1 Introduction 2 What Is an Autonomous System? 3 Risk Versus Effectiveness 4 The Legal Dimension 5 Offensive Versus Defensive 6 Heuristic Versus Self-learning 7 Conclusions References Challenges Facing the Response to the Covid 19 Pandemic. Individual Versus Global Responses. Ethical Issues 1 Introduction 2 The Public Response to the Pandemic 3 Different Responses to the Pandemic: China, Italy and Spain, and USA 3.1 China 3.2 Italy and Spain 3.3 USA 4 Ethical Issues Regarding the Pandemic 5 Conclusions References Axiological, Economic and Legal Challenges for the Functioning of the Energy Union in the Context of Energy Security of the European Union 1 Introduction 2 The Evolution of the Concept of Energy Security Within the European Union—A Literature Overview 3 The Change of the Perception of the Issue of Energy Security in the EU 4 The Concept of the Energy Union of the EU Member States 5 The execution of the Project of Energy Union—Main Challenges 6 Conclusions References Freedom of Speech in Times of Crisis: The Case of Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Freedom of Speech in International Law 2.1 Freedom of Speech and the Right to Access Information 2.2 Derogation from the Right to Free Speech 3 Violations in Spain 3.1 Physical Attack on Journalists 3.2 Lack of Transparency and Hurdles in Accessing Information 3.3 The Use of Penal Law to Combat Disinformation 4 Structural Issues 4.1 Freedom to Access Information not a Fundamental Right 4.2 Excessive Limitations on Political Criticism 5 Conclusions References Media Securitization in the Migration Crisis in Spain 2020–2021: The Case of Canary Islands and Ceuta 1 Introduction: Migration as a Media Securitization Issue 2 The Migration-Security Nexus. A Theoretical Debate Without Empirical Evidence 3 Method and Research Design 4 Findings 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Index