Exoemission from Processed Solid Surfaces and Gas Adsorption

Description

This book focuses on surface activity of electron emission (EE). Prior to protective painting, a steel surface is usually grit blasted or sandblasted to remove scale and contaminants and to roughen the surface. This book emphasizes that such surface treatment causes EE, increasing the strength of paint adhesion. Introduced here are the experimental results of thermally assisted photoelectron emission (TAPE) and tribo-stimulated (rubbing) electron emission (TriboEE) from practical metals after different kinds of surface-treatment processes. A detailed description is given of how Arrhenius activation energies relating to electron transfer through the surface overlayer and also the energy levels of electrons trapped in the overlayer can be obtained, and how TAPE and TriboEE data can be influenced by the chemical properties of that overlayer. This book is composed of four parts: I. Surface treatment processes; II. The principle of EE analysis used for practical surfaces; III. Materials and methods of EE and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); IV. EE and XPS characteristics of practical surfaces. In the last part, the EE and XPS results for metals, semiconductors, and carbon materials are drawn from the author’s own publications. The book will be useful for researchers engaging in surface-treatment processes of various materials. Preface Contents Part I Introduction 1 Surface Phenomena and Exoemission 1.1 Pertinence of Exoemission to Surface Phenomena 1.1.1 Involvement in Surface Chemical Technology 1.1.2 Work Function and Analysis Methods of Electron Emission 1.2 Exoemission Phenomena of Processed Surfaces 1.2.1 Importance of Exoemission Studies for Processed Surfaces 1.2.2 Historical Background 1.3 Exoemission Measurements of Processed Surfaces 1.3.1 External Treatments and Terminology of Exoemission 1.3.2 Trend of Current Studies 1.3.3 Measurement Apparatus and Surface Cleanliness 1.3.4 Origin of Exoemission References Part II EE Mechanism of Metals Subjected to Adsorption 2 EE of Clean Metals: Adsorption of Mainly O2 and H2O in the UHV and HV 2.1 Specification of Practical Surfaces 2.2 Development of Chemiemission 2.3 EE Attributable to Adsorption of Electronegative Gases 2.3.1 EE During Oxidation of Cs Films Deposited on Ru References 3 EE from Metal Surfaces Covered with Oxide: Adsorption of Mainly O2 and H2O and Oxide-Film Thickness 3.1 OSEE Observed in the UHV and HV for Al2O3/Al 3.2 EE Observed in Air for MgO/Mg, Al2O3/Al, and NiO/Ni 3.3 EE Observed in Counter Gas for Oxide-Covered Metal Surfaces of Sn, Al, Fe, Ni, and Cu References 4 Effects of Organic Adsorption, Applied Voltage, Light Irradiation, and Catalytic Activity 4.1 Effect of Adsorption on OSEE from Al 4.2 Effect of AV and Light Intensity on OSEE from Al 4.3 Relation Between EE and Catalytic Activity of Ag, Cu, and Pt References Part III Outline of Development of EE Research 5 Materials, EE Measurement, and EE Characteristics 5.1 EE Measurement Methods and EE Data Analysis Methods 5.2 Stimulation by Thermal, Optical, and Tribological Methods After Excitation 5.3 Nomenclature of EE Categorized by Stimulation Methods References 6 TSEE Related to Plasma Treatment and Adsorption 6.1 Outline of TSEE of Metal Surfaces After Plasma Treatment 6.2 Effect of Discharge, Adsorption, and Heat Treatment on TSEE from Metals 6.2.1 TSEE from Spark-Discharged Fe Surfaces and Adsorption 6.2.2 TSEE from Oxidized and Plasma-Treated Ni Surfaces 6.2.3 TSEE After Electric Discharge Treatment and Chemical Reduction of Cu Surfaces 6.3 TSEE from Glass on Au Surfaces, Au, Ni, Si, and Graphite Subjected to Plasma Exposure; and XPS Analysis 6.3.1 TSEE from Glass Deposited on Au Metal Surfaces 6.3.2 TSEE from Au and Ni Metal Surfaces to Exposed to Ar and O2 Plasma 6.3.3 TSEE from Ni Metal Surfaces Exposed to Ar and O2 Plasma 6.3.4 TSEE from Si Wafer Powder Exposed to Ar Plasma 6.3.5 TSEE from Graphite Exposed to CF4, Ar, and O2 Plasma References 7 Effects of Blasting and Grinding Agents as Well as Cutting Fluids on TSEE from Mechanically Deformed Surfaces 7.1 TSEE from Sandblasted Mild Steel and Ground Sand 7.1.1 TSEE from Sandblasted Mild Steel and Adsorption of Organic Vapors 7.1.2 TSEE from Ground Sand Granules (Aluminosilicate) and Adsorption of Organic Vapors 7.2 EE from Metals and Plastics Blasted or Ground with Abrasive Agents 7.2.1 TSEE from Metals Blasted with Silicon Carbide (SiC) 7.2.2 EE from Plastics Abraded with Al2O3 and SiC 7.3 TSEE from Metal Surfaces Subjected to Cutting and Grinding 7.3.1 TSEE from Al Surfaces Cut with a Tool Steel and Effect of Cutting Fluids 7.3.2 EE from Metals During Cutting with WC and Friction 7.3.3 TSEE Under Light Illumination from Low-Carbon Steel Surfaces Ground with Al2O3 References Part IV TAPE, TPPE, TriboEE, and XPS Characteristics of Processed Surfaces 8 TAPE of Rolled and Scratched Fe Metal Surfaces 8.1 Temperature Dependence of PE from Rolled Fe Surfaces 8.2 Wavelength Dependence of PE from Rolled Fe Surfaces 8.3 PE from Practical Fe Surfaces Scratched in Air, Water, and Organic Liquids 8.3.1 PE in Temperature Scans of Scratched Fe Surfaces and XPS Analysis 8.3.2 Activation Energy of PE from Scratched Fe Surfaces 8.3.3 PE in Wavelength Scans of Scratched Fe Surfaces 8.4 Temperature Analysis of PE and XPS Data of Scratched Fe Surfaces References 9 TAPE of Si Wafers 9.1 Effect of Adsorption of O2 and H2O on EE from Si 9.2 PE from Si Wafers and Activation Energy 9.3 PE from Si Wafer Surfaces Implanted with H, Si, and Ar Ions References 10 TPPE Characteristics of Various Metal Surfaces 10.1 Outline of TPPE for Metal Surface Analysis 10.2 TPPE Characteristics and XPS Analysis 10.2.1 Temperature Dependence of PE Total Count 10.2.2 XPS Characteristics 10.2.3 TPPE Characteristics and Gas Adsorption Properties 10.3 TPPE Characteristics of Metals and Surface Pretreatment Methods References 11 TriboEE Occurring from Metal Surfaces During Sliding Contact with a Polymer Rod 11.1 Outline of TriboEE from Metal Surfaces 11.1.1 Electron Emission During Sliding Contact Between Metals and Polymers 11.1.2 Effect of Surface Pretreatments of Metals on TriboEE 11.1.3 Effect on TriboEE of Plasma-Polymerized Films Formed on Metal Surfaces 11.2 Dependence of TriboEE Intensity on Elemental Metals 11.2.1 TriboEE Intensity of Elemental Metals 11.2.2 Relationship of TriboEE Intensity of Metal Surfaces to the Work Function and Surface Potential 11.2.3 TriboEE from Metal Surfaces Covered with an Oxide Film and Its Relationship to the Heat of Formation of Metal Oxides References 12 Relationship of the EE Intensity of Metal Surfaces to Their Chemical Activity and Electrostatic Attractive Force 12.1 Application of TPPE to Cu Surfaces 12.1.1 Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on Cu Electrodes and TPPE 12.1.2 TPPE Characteristics of Cu Subjected to Cleaning and Abrasion in Air, Water, and Alcohols 12.2 Corrosion Protection of Al Surfaces by Plasma-Polymerized Coatings and TPPE 12.3 Corrosion Protection of Fe, Ni, and Cu Metal Surfaces by Plasma-Polymerized Coatings, and Its Relationship to the Electronic Properties of Metals 12.3.1 Effect of TPPE on Electrostatic Attractive Force Between Metals, Semiconductors, and Tribocharged Polymers References Index