The Palgrave Handbook of Youth Mobility and Educational Migration

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Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures Chapter 1: Introduction: The Intermittency of Youth Migration Mobility Imperatives and Motivations The Structure of This Book Introducing Youth Mobility and Migration Free Movement in Education Institutionalized Mobility Inside and Outside Erasmus Working Towards Mobility Mobility at the Margins Some Brief Notes About Editing This Book References Part I Chapter 2: Introducing Youth Mobility and Migration References Chapter 3: Mobility Becoming Migration: Understanding Youth Spatiality in the Twenty-First Century Mobility Becoming Migration A New Youth Migration Paradigm: The Spatial Consumer The Success of Mobility and Migration Conclusion: Mobility Becoming Migration and Migration Becoming Mobility References Chapter 4: Migration Decision-Making, Mobility Capital and Reflexive Learning The Migration Decision Mobility Capital Arriving at Migration Mobility in Pieces Moving towards Reflexive Mobility Conclusion: The Costs and Benefits of New Migration References Chapter 5: Inherited Dreams of ‘the West’: Eastern European Students’ Paths to Denmark Research Launch Pad Methodology Narrative as an Ontological Part of Life Travel during Communism Travelling Narratives A Metanarrative of ‘the West’ Conclusion References Chapter 6: Unpacking the Mobility Capacities and Imperatives of the ‘Global Generation’ Mobile Polish Young People Today Data and Methods Lasting Significance of Mobility Imperatives among Polish Youth The Emerging ‘Mobile Generation of Choice’ and Mobility Capacities Conclusions: A Global Generation with Spatial Reflexivity as a Key Mobility Capacity? References Chapter 7: Why Student Mobility Does Not Automatically Lead to Better Understanding: Reflections on the Concept of Intercultural Learning A Conventional Approach to Intercultural Learning Limitations of a Conventional Approach Transculturality: An Alternative Approach Enhancing Intercultural Learning through Scaffolding and Preparation References Part II Chapter 8: Free Movement in Education References Chapter 9: Youth Educational Mobility: The Start of Intellectual Migration Intellectual Migration: A Conceptual and Analytical Framework Mobility Transnationalism Brain Circulation and Return Migration The Intellectual Migration Framework Who are Intellectual Migrants? Why Do Intellectual Migrants Move? Where Do Intellectual Migrants Move To? Youth Educational Mobility: The Onset of Intellectual Migration Who are the Young Educational Migrants? Why Do Young People Migrate for Education? Where Do Young People Migrate To? Youth Mobility in Intellectual Migration: A Roadmap for Empirical Analysis References Chapter 10: Understanding Educational Migration from Greece to the UK in Times of Crisis Methodological Approach Exploring Students’ Perspectives: Educational Migration and Employability Educational Migration as a Path to Independence and Autonomy Post-Study Migration Scenarios Conclusion References Chapter 11: Transnational Mobility, Education and Social Positioning between Brazil and Germany Transnational Youth Mobility, Migration and Education Educational Environments in Brazil and Germany Methodological Approach Case Studies Luciana Alexandre Two Mobilities Conclusion References Chapter 12: Refugees’ Access to Higher Education in Italy: An Opportunity Lost for the ‘Lost Generation’ Methodological Approach Research Context and Findings Legal Impasses Recognition of Skills Scholarship Offers The Measurement of a Challenge Changing Careers Mental Health Support How Much of a Welcome? When Studies and Work Collide Aspirations Five Steps to Improve the System Conclusion References Chapter 13: After Mobility: The Long-Term Impact of Study Abroad on Professional Teacher Behaviour The Internationalized Classroom Motivations for Study Abroad Study Abroad Learning Outcomes Effect on Teacher Behaviour Concluding Remarks References Chapter 14: Dispositives of Internationalization in Brazilian Science: The Unified Postgraduate Examination in Physics Physics: An Internationalized Subject The Origin and History of the EUF The Internal Organization of EUF EUF Internationalization The Unified Postgraduate Examination in Physics and Internationalization Brazilian Power in Regional Physics Final Remarks References Part III Chapter 15: Institutionalized Mobility Inside and Outside Erasmus References Chapter 16: Erasmus at 30: Institutional Mobility at Higher Education in Perspective Methodological Approach The ‘Erasmus Effect’ and Soft Skills The Erasmus Effect in Portugal Portugal in the Erasmus Programme Context Soft Skills and Employability Erasmus and Social Networking Conclusion: Is Inequality an Unintended Erasmus Effect? References Chapter 17: Learning in Transition: Erasmus+ as an Opportunity for Internationalization Self-Improvement via Cultural, Economic and International Encounters Methodology and Analysis Self-Development and Experiential Learning Opportunities for Employment After Erasmus+ Memories and Effects of Erasmus+ in Temporality Conclusion: Erasmus+ Beyond Its Initial Aims and Gains References Chapter 18: Mobility and Participation: The Intertwined Movement of Youth and Ideas Research Context and Methods Mobility as Capital Mobility and Identity Mobility and Future Plans Conclusions References Chapter 19: The Super-Mobile Student: Global Educational Trajectories in Erasmus Mundus Mobility in European Higher Education: The Erasmus Mundus Framework The Value of Being a Super-Mobile Student Super-mobility Self-reflected: A Mitigated Value? Conclusions References Chapter 20: Educational Mobility of South African Youth: Insights from Erasmus Mundus Action 2 Background Higher Education in South Africa Internationalization of Higher Education in South Africa Outbound Student Mobility Erasmus Mundus Action 2 in South Africa Erasmus Mundus Action 2 Projects in South Africa Lessons Learnt Inclusion of Institutions Inclusion of Individuals Conclusions References Chapter 21: Intra-regional Academic Mobility in Central Asia: The OSCE Academy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan The OSCE Academy in Bishkek Methodological Approach Data Collection SWOT Analysis and Discussion High Standards in Education and Social Inclusion Weaknesses: A Western Side Obsession Opportunities: Networking and Partnering Threats: A Limited Absorptive Capacity of Local Labour Markets Conclusion References Chapter 22: South–South Student Mobility: International Students from Portuguese-Speaking Africa in Brazil Student Mobility in Lusophone Space UNILAB: History and Key Facts Methodology Motivations Existing Networks A ‘second best’ Choice? Future Conclusion References Chapter 23: Mobile and Immobile Students’ Characteristics and Programme Choices Data and Methodology Mobility Disparities Age and Gender Differences Variations by Field of Study Variations by Type of Higher Education Institution Variations by Parents’ Educational Background Different Uses of Organizational Frameworks for Enrolment Abroad Primary Sources of Funding for Enrolment Abroad Discussion References Chapter 24: Identity Challenges and Pedagogical Consequences: International Students in Higher Education Pathway Programmes in Australia Research Context Theoretical Framework Methodological Approach Results and Discussion Definitions of Students’ ‘Identity’ Student Identity Evolving through Academic Discourse Student Engagement/Disengagement Nexus Why Face-to-face Teaching Matters Implications and Conclusion References Part IV Chapter 25: Working towards Mobility References Chapter 26: Beyond Skills: Facets of Mobility in Romania’s Vocational Education and Training Framing the Context: Romania, Migration and VET Research Design Findings and Interpretation Conclusions References Chapter 27: Using Cross-border Mobility in Vocational Education and Training in the Greater Region SaarLorLux European and International Scale of VET Mobility The Greater Region SaarLorLux: Labour Market and Education Profile History/Institutional Framework of Cross-border VET in the Greater Region Cross-border VET in the Greater Region The Plurilingual Dimension of VET Case Study: Fachstelle für grenzüberschreitende Ausbildung (FagA)/Centre d’aide à la mobilité transfrontalière (CAMT) Conclusion References Chapter 28: Vocational Learning Abroad: The Case of German VET Mobility European Youth Mobility as a Political (and Individual) Strategy The German VET System Implementation Strategies and Support Structures in Germany Data and Methods Results German VET Encounters Mobility Experiencing the Programme National Implementation Strategies and Support Structures Conclusions References Chapter 29: Youth as Temporary Workers Abroad: The Experiences of Australia, Canada and New Zealand De Facto Temporary Worker Schemes Youth Migration in the National Discourse of Host Countries Motivations to Work Abroad Identity and Personal Growth Exploitation The Return Home Weighing the Costs and Benefits References Chapter 30: International Work Placements: Developing Intercultural Skills? Encounters and Friendships Methodological Note Encountering Cultural Difference Encountering the Life Course Encountering Difference: Intercultural Skills? References Chapter 31: Abroad Forever? Embedding Spatial Mobility in Academic Work Trajectories in Italy The Knowledge Economy, Globalization and the Neoliberal University Importance of the Curriculum Vitae and Academic Mobility Methodological Approach The Main Axes Organizing a CV The y-Axis: Time The z-Axis: Productivity The x-Axis: Space Meaning and Costs of Mobility To Leave or Not to Leave, That Is the Question… Reflexive Strategies Mobility Costs Conclusions References Chapter 32: Italian Youth and the Experience of Highly Qualified Migration to the United Kingdom Data on Italians Abroad: The Problem with Quantification Italians in the United Kingdom The Research in Manchester Leaving Italy to Work in Manchester A Category of Interviewees Conclusions References Part V Chapter 33: Mobility at the Margins References Chapter 34: Mobility Choices in Post-Soviet States: How the EU Attracts Youth in Its Shared Neighbourhood with Russia Migration and Mobility to Russia and the EU The European Choice Erasmus Outside Europe Mobility Choices Outside the EU Conclusion References Chapter 35: From Forced Migration to Mobility: Dreaming of Home Within ‘Rooted Mobilities’ Methodological and Theoretical Approaches Home as a Complicated Material and Non-Material Entity Research Findings Home as a Country and Country as Belonging Old Home and New Home: Links that Calm Thought Processes and Emotional Lives Home and Family: A Complicated Matter To Deconstruct, Reconstruct and Reimagine Home Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 36: ‘I was not prepared to go to Spain’: Work Mobility of Young People at the Margins in Portugal The Problematic Conceptualization of the Problem Research Context Methodological Approach Pedro’s Narrative Life Before Trafficking Life in Trafficking Reframing Trafficking Notes for the Future References Chapter 37: Crossing the Line: Current and Future Challenges in Youth Mobility The Life Before Migrating Studying Human Trafficking Childhood Memories with Pippi and Troll Love, Lies and the Longing to Belong The ‘Destination’ Country Conclusion: Crossing the Lines References Chapter 38: Youth Mobility, Mental Health and Risky Behaviours Mental Health and Health Behaviours among Mobile Youth Students in Higher Education Volunteer, Migrant and Humanitarian Aid Workers Theories on the Connection Between Mobility, Mental Health and Health Behaviour Acculturation Theories and Mental Health Acculturation and Alcohol and Drug Use Theories on Situational Disinhibition Social Norms Theories Interventions for International Mobile Youth Mental Health Services Psycho-educational and Social Interventions to Promote Acculturation Alcohol-specific Interventions Conclusions References Chapter 39: Rethinking the Value(s) of Short-Term Youth Mobility: Neoliberal Ideals and Counterhegemonic Possibilities Background: Neoliberalism Definitions and Theories of Neoliberalism The Selling of Neoliberal Ideology as ‘Common Sense’ Neoliberalism and Education Neoliberal Higher Education and Short-term Student Mobility Suggestions for Further Research and Practice References Chapter 40: A Wonderful But Uncertain Time: Youth Transitions of Erasmus Students and Lisbon’s Housing Crisis The Development of the Erasmus Student Housing Market Methodological Approach Looking for a Home: Online and Offline Individual Anxiety Making a Liveable Home: Power and Sociability in Erasmus Households Strategies of Resistance and Adaptation to Student Housing Concluding Remarks References Chapter 41: Conclusion: Youth Migration in the Age of Pandemic Immobility The Immobility Pandemic Moving Out of Immobility Vulnerable Migration Pandemic Immobility Mobility Goes Local Final Remarks References Index