The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction to the Second Edition of The Angry Earth: From Introduction to Widespread Reception Reflecting on the Title “Angry Earth” Advancements in the Overall Field of Risk and Disaster The Contributions of Anthropology Persistent Challenges New Chapters and Updates Bibliography Introduction to the First Edition. Anthropology and the Angry Earth: An Overview Trends in the Anthropology of Disaster The Angry Earth Notes Bibliography PART I Disasters, Environment, and Culture 1 “What Is a Disaster?”: Anthropological Perspectives on a Persistent Question Introduction Disasters: Variability and Complexity Elements of a Definitional Debate Disasters and Debates in Anthropological Perspective A Political Ecological Approach to Disasters Conclusion: Defining Disaster in the Context of Global Change Bibliography Postscript: Hazards of Nature, Disasters of Society Bibliography PART II Environmental Pattern, Hazards, and Culture: The Archaeological Perspective 2 Convergent Catastrophes: Geoarcheological Perspectives on Collateral Disasters and Cultural Change in the Central Andes Forcing Agencies Diagnosing Convergent Stress Symptoms of Stress and Change Twentieth-Century Analogs Past Cases of Convergent Catastrophe The Darkest Side of Disaster Bibliography Postscript: Convergent Catastrophe: Past Patterns and Future Implications of Collateral Disaster in the Andres Bibliography 3 Explosive Volcanic Eruptions and Societal Responses: A Comparative Archeological Study in Middle America Introduction Central American Cases of Volcanism and Ancient Societies Mexican Cases of Volcanism and Ancient Societies Conclusions Note Bibliography Postscript: The Ilopango Volcanic Eruption and Its Effects on Climate and People Bibliography PART III The Cultural Construction of Catastrophe 4 Peru’s Five-Hundred-Year Earthquake: Vulnerability in Historical Context Natural Hazards in the Andes Adaptations to Hazards in the Pre-Columbian Andes Peruvian History and the Subversion of Indigenous Adaptations The Great Peruvian Earthquake of May 31, 1970 Conclusion Note Bibliography Postscript: The Five-Hundred-Year Earthquake: Seeking Root Causes and Deep Drivers Bibliography 5 Examining Vulnerability to Natural Disasters: A Comparative Analysis of Four Southern California Communities after the Northridge Earthquake Introduction: Examining Vulnerability Analyzing Vulnerability in the United States Researching Vulnerability A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis Vulnerability in Fillmore and Piru Contributing Factors in Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability and Recovery Issues Conclusions Note Bibliography Postscript: Vulnerability Then and Now Notes Bibliography 6 The Negation of a Disaster: The Media Response to Oils Spills in Great Britain Introduction The Sociocultural Construction of Technological Disasters The Braer Oil Spill in the Shetland Islands The Sea Empress Oil Spill in Wales Analysis: The Media Response to Disaster Technological Disaster Narratives Conclusion Notes Bibliography Postscript: Continued Disavowal and the Advent of Social Media Bibliography PART IV Varieties of Cultural Response 7 “The Worst of Times, the Best of Times”: Toward a Model of Cultural Response to Disaster A Brief Synopsis of the Oakland Firestorm The Crisis—Recovery’s Primary Phase The Aftermath Nexus—Secondary Phase Passage to Closure—The Third Phase Notes Bibliography Postscript: Behind the Stages and Act Four: More to the Worst of Times, the Best of Times Model Bibliography 8 Vulnerability, Disaster, and Survival in Bangladesh: Three Case Studies Introduction Vulnerability: The Concept and the Approach Anthropology and Disaster Research Disasters in Bangladesh: A Brief Overview Adjustments and Survival: Three Case Studies Disaster Management in Bangladesh: Looking Back and Ahead Note Bibliography Postscript: Integrated Approach to Risk Reduction and Development Bibliography 9 “Tell Them We’re Hurting”: Hurricane Andrew, the Culture of Response, and the Fishing Peoples of South Florida and Louisiana Introduction The Disaster Event and Initial Perceptions Reality of the Impact—Florida Reality of the Impact—Louisiana Discussion—The Culture of Response Conclusion Note Bibliography Postscript: Hurricanes: Diverse Impacts and Diverse Responses 10 Epidemics and Disasters: From Venezuela’s Delta Amacuro to the Mississippi Wetlands Introduction Narrative, Social Forms, and Dramaturgical Models The Temporalities of Disasters and Epidemics Official Narratives and Alternative Archives Local Registers of Disaster-Induced Epidemics Conclusion Notes Bibliography 11 Drought: A Challenge to Livelihoods, Sustainability, and Resilience Introduction Relevant Literature How Drought Is Defined and Measured, and the Drivers of Drought Drought and Disaster Case Studies: Drought in East Africa Conclusion Bibliography 12 The Brotherhood of Pain: Emotion and Social Organization in the Crisis of Disaster First, Brothers … Then Unequal … Now United Disasters, Solidarity, and Social Organizational Theory Rationality and Emotionality in Collective Behavior Interactional Form, Structure, and Antistructure in Crisis Operationalizing Communitas Conclusion Bibliography Postscript: Communitas and Resilience Bibliography 13 The Regenesis of Traditional Gender Patterns in the Wake of Disaster What Had Happened? Note Bibliography Postscript: Still With Us after All These Years; but Slowly Changing Bibliography PART V Agencies, Survivors, and Culture 14 Plan and Pattern in Reaction to Earthquake: Peru, 1970–1998 May 31, 1970 The Human Response to “Acts of God” Disasters as Human Events The Callejón de Huaylas, Peru: 1970 Chronology of Earthquake History: 1970–1998 Anticipating the Course of Action and Response Huaraz, “Pretensión” Yungay, “Beauty” Huaylas, “Harvest” A New Catastrophism Recovering Well-Being Twenty-Eight Years Later: A Retrospective View Conclusions Notes Bibliography Postscript: Revisiting a Scene of Disaster, Again Notes Bibliography 15 Bhopal and Beyond: An Anthropology of Relief and Rehabilitation Efforts and Prospects for a Socially Relevant Political Ecology of Disaster Management The Company The Rehabilitation Bureaucracy The Culture of Medical Practice and Research The Activists Conclusion: Bhopal and Anthropology Notes Bibliography Postscript: The Bhopal Gas Disaster Three Decades On Bibliography 16 The Phoenix Effect in Post-Disaster Recovery: An Analysis of the Economic Development Administration’s Culture of Response after Hurricane Andrew Introduction The Disaster Event EDA as a Disaster Response Institution Disaster, Risk, and the Phoenix Effect EDA’s Operational “Culture of Response” Analysis of EDA’s Funded Projects Conclusions Note Bibliography Postscript: The Phoenix Effect Revisited: Hurricane Andrew, South Florida, and the Rise of Punctuated Entropy Bibliography 17 Disaster Anthropology in Non-Governmental Organizations Setting the Stage Disaster Anthropology Humanitarian Community Knowledge How Humanitarian NGOs Work Why Work for an NGO? Anthropological Contributions to NGO Work The Anthropologist’s NGO Work Dilemma: Contrasts and Realities Anthropological Pathways to Humanitarian NGO work Conclusions Bibliography 18 Disaster and Climate Change-Related Displacements and Resettlements: Cultural and Political Ecologies of Space, Power, and Practice Displacement and Resettlement Matters Case Studies Bibliography PART VI Disaster and Cultural Continuity 19 Islands on an Angry Earth: Climate Change, Disasters, and Implications for Two Island Communities Introduction Climate Change and the Amplification of Disasters Applying an Anthropological Toolkit to Navigate Vectors of Change Islands of Change Acknowledgments Bibliography 20 After Atlas Shrugs: Cultural Persistence and Perpetuation in the Context of Disaster A Brief Consideration of (A Few) Factors One Small Island—Two Disasters The Legacy of Oakland—Another Example Change and Persistence/Persistence and Change Bibliography Postscript: After Atlas Staggers: The Question of Cultural Continuity and Change Twenty Years Later Bibliography Index