Exposure Criteria for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound: II. Criteria Based on All Known Mechanisms

Description

This report offers current views on exposure criteria for medical diagnostic ultrasound. Topics covered include: nonthermal mechanisms for bioeffects, noninertial cavitation, nonlinear bubble responses and inertial cavitation, models for exposure estimation in human beings, and epidemiology of ultrasound exposure. Content:• Front Matter • Preface • Table of Contents • 1. Executive Summary • 2. Introduction 3. Nonthermal Mechanisms for Bioeffects in the Absence of Cavitation 4. Noninertial Cavitation; Gas-Body Activation 5. Nonlinear Bubble Response; Inertial Cavitation 6. Bioeffects of Noninertial Cavitation Involving Free and Stabilized Gas Bodies in Non-Mammalian Systems 7. Bioeffects of Inertial Cavitation in vitro 8. Bioeffects of Acoustic Cavitation in Mammalian Tissues 9. Models for Exposure Estimation in Human Beings 10. Employed and Needed Sound Pressure Waveforms 11. Temperature Elevation and Its Biological Effects 12. Epidemiology of Ultrasound Exposure 13. Summary and Conclusions 14. Recommendations • Appendix A: Mechanical Equilibrium of Free Bubbles Appendix B: Output Display Standard • Appendix C: Nepers and Decibels Appendix D: Nonlinear Propagation: An Update • Glossary • Symbols • References • The NCRP • NCRP Publications • Index