The process of parenting

Description

Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 4 Table of Content......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 25 PART I General Concepts, Goals, and Strategies of Parenting......Page 36 CHAPTER 1 Parenting Is a Process......Page 37 WHY DO ADULTS TAKE ON THE JOB OF PARENTING?......Page 38 Joys and Problems with Children......Page 40 PARENTING IS A PROCESS......Page 41 The Role of the Child......Page 42 The Role of Society......Page 43 What Do Parents Want Society to Provide?......Page 47 How Do Partners in the Process of Parenting View Each Other?......Page 48 Changes in Family Life in the Last Two Hundred Years......Page 49 Living Arrangements of Contemporary Families......Page 51 Ethnic and Racial Diversity of Families......Page 53 Economic Diversity......Page 54 Twenty-first Century Challenges for Parents......Page 55 Twenty-first Century Social Supports for Parents......Page 57 Launching Children on Extended Pathways of Development......Page 59 Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting......Page 60 MUST PARENTS REPEAT THEIR PARENTS’ BEHAVIORS?......Page 62 HOW RAISING CHILDREN HELPS PARENTS GROW......Page 63 MAIN POINTS......Page 65 EXERCISES......Page 66 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 67 CHAPTER 2 Cultural Influences on Parenting......Page 68 Two Cultural Models......Page 69 Variations in Cultural Themes......Page 71 The Dynamic Nature of Culture......Page 72 THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL VALUES......Page 73 Everyday Activities That Teach Young Children Cultural Values......Page 75 Race......Page 77 Religion......Page 79 Personal Identity and Reference Group Orientation......Page 80 IMMIGRANT FAMILIES......Page 82 Unauthorized Immigrants......Page 84 An Integrative Model of the Experiences of Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Groups......Page 85 Negative Stereotype Threat......Page 87 Discrimination......Page 88 Actions Parents Can Take to Promote Fairness and Justice......Page 89 The Self-Esteem of Ethnic Groups......Page 90 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS......Page 93 Who Are the Poor?......Page 97 The Effects of Poverty on Children’s Development......Page 98 Ways to Intervene......Page 99 PRACTICAL QUESTION: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PARENT EDUCATORS AND PARENTS HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES?......Page 101 MAIN POINTS......Page 102 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 104 CHAPTER 3 Learning to Parent......Page 105 WHAT PARENTS LEARN IN CHILDHOOD......Page 106 LEARNING FROM THE MEDIA......Page 107 LEARNING FROM HISTORY......Page 109 Genetics......Page 111 Neurobiology......Page 112 Temperament......Page 116 Executive Functioning......Page 118 LEARNING FROM THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 119 Theories Emphasizing Importance of Parents’ and External Influences......Page 120 Theories Emphasizing Importance of Children’s Internal Qualities......Page 123 Theories Emphasizing Both Internal and External Influences......Page 128 CONSULTING EXPERTS......Page 134 RESEARCH THAT GIVES PARENTS DIRECTION AND SUPPORT......Page 136 MAIN POINTS......Page 140 EXERCISES......Page 141 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 142 CHAPTER 4 Becoming Parents......Page 143 Readiness to Parent......Page 144 Pathways to Parenthood......Page 145 Childlessness......Page 146 Married Parents......Page 147 Cohabitating Parents......Page 148 Carefully Planned Babies......Page 149 Unwanted Parenting......Page 150 Age and Conception......Page 151 Assisted Conception......Page 154 Highlights of Prenatal Development......Page 156 A Healthy Lifestyle......Page 157 Parents’ Experiences during Pregancy......Page 159 The Power of Positive Relationships......Page 161 ■ Interview with James Levine......Page 162 Forming a Coparenting Alliance......Page 163 Adjustments of Parents Who Have Premature Children......Page 165 Parenting Programs That Ease the Transition to Parenthood......Page 167 PRACTICAL QUESTION: WHAT CHANGES CAN PARENTS ANTICIPATE FOR THEMSELVES?......Page 168 SUPPORT FOR PARENTS......Page 169 MAIN POINTS......Page 170 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 171 CHAPTER 5 Nurturing Close Family Relationships in a Technological Society......Page 172 Physical Touch and Closeness......Page 173 The Power of Positive Feelings......Page 174 CREATING CLOSENESS THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND EXPRESSING FEELINGS......Page 175 Active Listening......Page 177 l-Messages......Page 178 Transmission of Feelings in the Family......Page 179 Encouraging Closeness and Good Feelings between Sisters and Brothers......Page 180 STORYTELLING......Page 181 MUTUAL PROBLEM SOLVING......Page 182 RESOLVING PARENTAL CONFLICTS CONSTRUCTIVELY......Page 183 EFFECTS OF SUDDEN ECONOMIC LOSS ON FAMILIES......Page 185 Lack of Time......Page 188 PARENTS WITH ONGOING NEGATIVE MOODS......Page 190 Depressed Parents......Page 191 Substance-Dependent Parents......Page 193 Grandparents as Supports......Page 197 How Do Children Define a Good Parent?......Page 199 MAIN POINTS......Page 201 EXERCISES......Page 202 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 203 CHAPTER 6 Supporting Children’s Growth and Development......Page 204 Socializers of Children’s Behavior......Page 205 Initiators of Children’s Developmental Pathways......Page 206 Children’s Qualities......Page 207 Routines......Page 208 Encouragement......Page 209 ■ Interview with Susan Harter......Page 212 HEALTHY LIFESTYLES......Page 213 Eating......Page 214 Sleep......Page 217 GETTING THE BENEFITS MEDIA CAN PROVIDE......Page 218 Media Environment......Page 219 Media Use......Page 220 Using Social Media......Page 222 Media’s Impact on Children’ Activities and Development......Page 224 Parents’ Rules about Media Use......Page 226 Family Life and Media Use......Page 227 Community Action......Page 228 Natural and Logical Consequences......Page 229 Negative Consequences......Page 230 Ineffective Forms of Discipline......Page 231 Coercive Discipline......Page 232 PARENTING PROGRAMS......Page 235 The Triple P-Positive Program......Page 236 Parenting Programs for Couples......Page 237 Strong African American Family Program......Page 238 PRACTICAL QUESTION: HOW CAN WE KEEP CHILDREN SAFE?......Page 240 MAIN POINTS......Page 241 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 243 PART II Parenting at Developmental Stages......Page 244 CHAPTER 7 Parenting Children from Birth to Two Years......Page 245 Early Social Reactions......Page 246 ■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about the First Two Years......Page 247 Early Parent-Child Relationships......Page 249 Managing When Babies Are Born Prematurely......Page 250 Intellectual Development......Page 252 Language Development......Page 253 Emotional Development......Page 254 Development of the Self......Page 256 THE PROCESS OF ATTACHMENT......Page 257 Crying......Page 260 ■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Children in the First Two Years......Page 261 Sleep......Page 262 Parenting, Infant Crying, and Sleeping......Page 264 Establishing Rules......Page 267 Play, Reading, and Fun......Page 268 PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 269 Effectiveness of Parenting Programs for Expectant and New Parents......Page 270 Parents at Risk for Abuse of Infants......Page 271 MAIN POINTS......Page 273 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 275 CHAPTER 8 Parenting Children in Early Childhood: The Years from Two to Five......Page 276 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 277 ■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about the Years from Two to Five......Page 278 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 279 Aggressiveness......Page 280 Fear......Page 281 Empathy......Page 282 Gender Identity......Page 283 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 284 Positive Parenting......Page 286 Socializing Gender Roles......Page 287 Promoting Empathy, Fairness, and Inclusiveness......Page 289 PARENTS’ STIMULATION OF CHILDREN’S COMPETENCE......Page 291 RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 292 PEER RELATIONSHIPS......Page 293 Sleeping......Page 294 ■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Children Ages Two to Five......Page 295 Temper Tantrums......Page 297 Sibling Rivalry......Page 298 Social Withdrawal and Inhibition......Page 299 A PRACTICAL QUESTION: HOW CAN PARENTS HELP WHEN CHILDREN HAVE DISABILITIES OR DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS?......Page 300 PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 303 MAIN POINTS......Page 305 EXERCISES......Page 306 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 307 CHAPTER 9 Parenting Elementary School Children......Page 308 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 309 ■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about the Elementary School Years......Page 310 Parents’ Role......Page 311 Children’s Role......Page 313 When Home and School Cultures Differ......Page 314 Stressful Life Events......Page 315 Cascading Events......Page 318 Gender Identity......Page 319 Ethnic Identity......Page 320 Self-Esteem......Page 321 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 322 Attachment......Page 323 Mothers’ and Fathers’ Roles......Page 324 RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 325 Bullying......Page 327 TASKS AND CONCERNS OF PARENTS......Page 328 HELPING CHILDREN REGULATE FEELINGS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 329 ■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Elementary School Children......Page 330 Discouragement......Page 331 Promoting Positive Social Relationships......Page 332 Controlling Bullying......Page 333 The Partnership of Families and Schools......Page 335 A PRACTICAL QUESTION: WHAT CAN PARENTS DO WHEN SCHOOL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES INTERFERE WITH ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT?......Page 336 PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 337 SUPPORT FOR PARENTS......Page 338 MAIN POINTS......Page 339 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 341 CHAPTER 10 Parenting Early Adolescents......Page 342 Changes in Body and Physical Appearance......Page 343 Changes in Emotions......Page 344 Changes in Brain Structure and Functioning......Page 345 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 346 SCHOOL......Page 347 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 348 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF......Page 349 Ethnic Identity......Page 350 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 352 Parents’ Respect for Early Adolescents’ Self-Assertion and Autonomy......Page 353 Regulating and Monitoring Behavior......Page 354 Promoting Gender Identity......Page 355 Promoting Ethnic Identity......Page 356 Family Stressors That Interfere with Effective Parenting and Impact Children’s Behavior......Page 357 ■ Voices of Experience: The Joys of Parenting Early Adolescents......Page 358 RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 359 PEER RELATIONSHIPS......Page 360 Communicating with the Noncommunicative Early Adolescent......Page 363 Using Mutual Problem Solving to Handle Disputes......Page 364 Promoting Initiative......Page 365 Promoting Positive Peer Relationships......Page 366 Handling School Problems......Page 367 PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN FACING TRANSITIONS......Page 368 SUPPORT FOR PARENTS......Page 369 MAIN POINTS......Page 370 EXERCISES......Page 371 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 372 CHAPTER 11 Parenting Late Adolescents and Young Adults......Page 373 Adolescent Sexual Activity......Page 374 Substance Use......Page 375 Healthy Behaviors......Page 377 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 378 ■ Voices of Experience: What I Wish I Had Known about Late Adolescence......Page 379 WORKING......Page 380 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 381 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF......Page 382 Gender Identity......Page 383 Gay/Lesbian Identity......Page 384 Ethnic Identity......Page 385 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION......Page 386 Attachment......Page 387 Ethnic Differences in Emotional and Behavioral Autonomy......Page 388 RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS......Page 389 Friendships......Page 390 Dating......Page 391 Promoting Healthy Behaviors......Page 392 Promoting Healthy Sleep Habits......Page 393 Promoting Later and Protected Sexual Activity......Page 394 Discouraging Substance Use......Page 395 Helping Children Control Aggressive Feelings......Page 396 Helping Children Cope with Feelings of Depression......Page 397 Helping Teens Develop a Sense of Purpose......Page 399 A PRACTICAL QUESTION: HOW CAN PARENTS TELL WHETHER THEIR TEEN HAS A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM?......Page 400 CRITERIA FOR ADULTHOOD......Page 401 Trends Common to Those Entering Adulthood......Page 402 Paths to Adulthood......Page 403 Those Who Need Special Support in the Transition to Adulthood......Page 405 Pathways to Adulthood for Youths from Immigrant Groups......Page 406 Negotiating the Issues of Growing Autonomy......Page 408 MAIN POINTS......Page 409 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 411 PART III Parenting in Varying Life Circumstances......Page 412 CHAPTER 12 Parenting and Working......Page 413 Benefits Available for Parents......Page 414 Reasons for Current Benefits......Page 415 DIVERSITY IN WORK-FAMILY PATTERNS......Page 416 Positive Spillover from Work and Community to Family......Page 417 Negative Spillover from Work to Home......Page 419 Negative Spillover from Family to Work......Page 420 Resilience in the Sandwich Generation......Page 421 Patterns of Daily Interactions......Page 423 Special Demands on Single Parents......Page 425 Agreements and Divergences in Children’s and Parents’ Perceptions of Parents’ Work......Page 426 PARENTING STRATEGIES......Page 428 Patterns of Nonmaternal Care......Page 429 Quality of Care during Infancy and Early Childhood......Page 430 Availability of Good Quality Care......Page 431 Adaptation to Nonmaternal Care......Page 432 Cognitive and Social Stimulation......Page 433 National Study on the Effects of Day Care......Page 434 INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK TO GET AN ADAPTIVE FIT......Page 435 Dual-Earner Families......Page 436 Parenting Programs......Page 437 Flexible Working Hours and Places......Page 438 MAIN POINTS......Page 439 EXERCISES......Page 440 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 441 CHAPTER 13 Parents by Adoption and Parents by Reproductive Technology......Page 442 Changes in the Nature of Adoption......Page 443 Transracial Adoptions within the United States......Page 445 International Adoptions......Page 447 Talking about Adoption and Children’s Understanding of It......Page 449 Searching for Birth Parents......Page 451 Parenting Behaviors of Adopting Parents......Page 452 Children’s Behaviors......Page 454 A PRACTICAL QUESTION: CAN A THREE-SESSION INTERVENTION ENHANCE ADOPTIVE PARENTS’ SENSITIVITY TO PROMOTE SECURE ATTACHMENT?......Page 455 PARENTS WHO USE ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY......Page 456 Parenting of Parents Relying on ART......Page 458 Telling Children......Page 459 MAIN POINTS......Page 461 EXERCISES......Page 462 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 463 CHAPTER 14 Parenting When Unmarried......Page 464 CHANGING FAMILY STRUCTURES......Page 465 The Stressful Road to Teen Parenthood......Page 466 Teen Parents’ Transitions to Parenthood......Page 467 Teen Mothers’ Relationships with Their Own Mothers......Page 468 Relationships with Babies’ Fathers......Page 469 Resilient Teens’ Parenting......Page 470 Programs for Adolescent Parents......Page 472 UNMARRIED COHABITING AND SINGLE PARENTS......Page 473 Children of Unmarried Parents......Page 475 Programs to Promote Parents’ and Children’s Effectiveness......Page 476 Children of Advantaged Single Mothers......Page 477 Fathers’ Presence or Absence......Page 480 Fathers’ Contributions to Children’s Lives......Page 481 Unmarried Fathers......Page 482 Encouraging Fathers’ Participation......Page 483 MAIN POINTS......Page 484 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 485 CHAPTER 15 Parenting in Divorced Families and Remarried Families......Page 486 The Grief Process......Page 487 The Process of Divorce......Page 489 Telling Children......Page 490 Children’s Immediate Reactions to Divorce......Page 491 Parents’ Reactions to Divorce......Page 492 Protective Factors for Children......Page 494 Long-Term Consequences for Children of Divorce......Page 495 A Collaborative Divorce Process......Page 497 Challenges of Stepfamilies......Page 498 Types of Mother and Stepfather Families......Page 501 Types of Father and Stepmother Families......Page 502 ■ Interview with the late Emily Visher and the late John Visher......Page 503 Parents’ Behaviors over Time......Page 505 Children’s Behavior over Time......Page 506 MAIN POINTS......Page 508 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 509 CHAPTER 16 Parenting in Lesbian and Gay Families......Page 510 STRESS IN THE ABSENCE OF LEGAL PROTECTIONS......Page 511 DECISION TO PARENT AND PATHWAYS TO PARENTHOOD......Page 512 Pathways to Parenthood......Page 513 TRANSITION TO PARENTING......Page 514 PARENTING OF LESBIAN AND GAY PARENTS......Page 516 Special Challenges......Page 518 Benefits of Growing Up in Lesbian and Gay Families......Page 519 Responding to Parents’ Sexual Orientations......Page 520 Psychological Adjustment of Children......Page 522 DISSOLUTIONS OF PARENTS’ RELATIONSHIPS......Page 523 MAIN POINTS......Page 524 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 525 CHAPTER 17 Parenting in Challenging Times......Page 526 ILLNESS AND DEATH......Page 527 Children’s Understanding of Their Bodies and Illness......Page 529 Guilt......Page 530 Pain......Page 531 Sources of Stress for Parents and Strategies for Successful Coping......Page 532 Death in the Family......Page 533 VICTIMIZATION AND ADVERSITY......Page 537 Bioecological View of Maltreatment......Page 538 Incidence and Definitions of Maltreatment......Page 539 Prevalence......Page 541 Children’s Neurobiological Responses to Maltreatment......Page 542 Children’s Psychological Responses to Maltreatment......Page 543 Intervention and Prevention......Page 545 Strengths of Effective Programs......Page 548 FOSTER FAMILIES......Page 549 The Web of Foster Care Relationships......Page 550 Foster Children......Page 551 Termination of Parental Rights......Page 553 Natural Disasters......Page 555 Managing Fears of National Violence......Page 557 HOMELESS FAMILIES......Page 558 Homeless Children......Page 559 Interventions......Page 560 MILITARY FAMILIES......Page 561 Deployment Cycle......Page 562 Family Challenges......Page 563 THE CHALLENGE MODEL......Page 564 MAIN POINTS......Page 565 EXERCISES......Page 567 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 568 EPILOGUE......Page 570 NOTES......Page 572 CREDITS......Page 632 INDEX......Page 634 Back Cover......Page 658