Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

Description

This book introduces the reader to drug delivery with specific emphasis on the use of nanoparticles. It covers properties, characterization, and preparation of different types of nanoparticles and discusses recent advances in their structural design and biomedical application, as well as the issues and challenges associated with their design and use. Some of the topics covered include the potential application of nanoparticles in biomedical fields, hazards associated with use of nanoparticles for drug delivery, size-dependent factors in drug delivery applications, different organic, inorganic and their hybrid systems used in drug delivery, etc. It also highlights use of nanoparticles in controlled and targeted drug delivery, and their application in stimuli-responsive, especially pH-responsive, drug release. Additionally, it also focuses on biomimetic nanoparticles, challenges faced in the designing of nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer, viral and bacterial diseases. The contents of this volume will be useful to researchers and professionals working on advances in targeted drug delivery systems. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Molybdenum-Based Nanoparticles 3 Iron and Other Magnetic Nanomaterials 4 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles 5 Polymer-/Polyamino Acids-Based Nanoparticles 6 Plant Viral Nanoparticles 7 Gold Nanoparticles 8 Quantum Dots 9 Recent Examples of Other Nanoparticles-Based Cancer Therapeutics 10 Nanoparticles-Based Cancer Therapeutics in the Market 11 Nanodiagnostics for Cancer Treatment 12 Conclusion References 2 Biomaterials and Its Advances for Delivering Anticancer Drugs Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Classes of Biomaterials for Anticancer Activity 3 Natural Biomaterials 3.1 Collagen 3.2 Alginates 3.3 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 3.4 Chitosan 3.5 Cellulose 3.6 Cyclodextrins (CD) 3.7 Silk 4 Inorganic Biomaterials 4.1 Titanium and Selenium 4.2 Calcium Phosphate 4.3 Silica 5 Synthetic Biomaterials 5.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 5.2 Graphene 5.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 5.4 Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) 5.5 Poly(ɛ-Caprolactone) (PCL) 5.6 Polyanhydrides 5.7 Polyurethanes (PU) 5.8 Conducting Polymers 6 Hybrid Materials 7 Triggerable Biomaterials 7.1 Magnetic Responsive Biomaterials 7.2 pH-Responsive Biomaterials 7.3 Temperature-Responsive Biomaterials 7.4 Redox Responsive Biomaterials 7.5 Enzymes and Hydrolysis Sensitive Polymers 7.6 Light Responsive Biomaterials 7.7 Electrically Responsive Biomaterials 7.8 Sound Responsive Biomaterials 7.9 Swelling and Shrinking Biomaterials 8 Commercially Available Products 9 Conclusions References 3 Stimuli-responsive Hybrid Polymeric Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Exogenous Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles 2.1 Light Responsive PNPs 2.2 Magnetic Responsive PNPs 2.3 Thermoresponsive PNPs 2.4 Electroresponsive PNPs 3 Endogenous Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles 3.1 Redox-Responsive PNPs 3.2 pH-Responsive PNPs 3.3 Enzyme Responsive PNPs 4 Dual and multistimuli-responsive PNPs References 4 Hybrid Nanoparticles in Image-Guided Drug Delivery Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Principle 3 Hybrid Nanoparticles (HNPs) 4 Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Responses of Hybrid Nanoparticles (HNPs) 5 General Principles 6 Physical Methods 7 Photochemical Approach 8 Ionizing Radiation 9 Microwave Radiation 10 Chemical Synthesis Methods 11 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Approach 12 Wet-Chemical Approach 13 Seed-Growth Approach 14 Sol-Gel Approach 15 Sonochemical Approach 16 Co-precipitation Approach 17 Toxicity, Bioavailability and Mode of Action of HNPs 18 Applications of HNPs References 5 Ceramic-Based Hybrid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Calcium Phosphate-Based Hybrid Ceramic Nanoparticles 3 Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles 4 Silica-Based Hybrid Nanoparticles 5 Titania-Based Ceramic Nanoparticles 6 Zirconia Oxide-Based Hybrid Nanoparticles 7 Boron Carbide-Based Nanoparticles 8 Conclusion References 6 Biomaterials for Anticancer Drugs Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Cancer 2 Oral Chemotherapy 3 Biomaterial for Anticancer Drugs 3.1 Prodrugs 3.2 Nanoemulsions 3.3 Dendrimers 3.4 Micelles 3.5 Liposomes 3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 3.7 Nanoparticles of Biodegradable Polymers 4 Natural Products as Anticancer Drugs 4.1 Curcumin-Based Materials for Drug Delivery 5 Conclusion References 7 Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery Abstract 1 Introduction 2 An Overview About the Structure and Synthesis of QDs 3 QDs Bioengineering Strategies 4 Engineered QDs in Cancer Targeted Drug Delivery Applications Acknowledgements References 8 Nanotechnology and Its Implication in Antiviral Drug Delivery Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 The Virus 1.2 Life Cycle of HIV 1.2.1 Binding and Fusion 1.2.2 Reverse Transcription 1.2.3 Integration 1.2.4 Replication 1.2.5 Assembly 1.2.6 Budding 1.3 HIV Transmission 1.4 HIV Pathogenesis 1.4.1 HIV/Host Cell Interaction 1.5 The Complexity of HIV/AIDS 1.6 Detection of HIV 1.7 HIV/AIDS Current Therapeutic Strategies 1.7.1 Administration Routes 1.7.2 Major Setbacks for Anti-Retroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS 1.8 Nanotechnology in Medicine 1.8.1 Nanotechnology Approaches in HIV/AIDS Management 1.9 Nanocarrier-Based Drug Delivery Systems 1.9.1 Dendrimers 1.9.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 1.9.3 Inorganic Nanoparticle 1.9.4 Metal Based Nanoparticle 1.9.5 Liposomes Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) Lipid Drug Conjugates (LDC) Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles 1.10 Methods of Preparation of Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems 1.10.1 Homogenization 1.10.2 Hot Homogenization 1.10.3 Cold Homogenization 1.10.4 Ultrasonication or High-Speed Homogenization 1.10.5 Solvent Emulsification/Evaporation 1.10.6 Microemulsion 1.10.7 Supercritical Fluid Technique 1.10.8 Spray Drying Method 1.10.9 Double Emulsion Method 1.11 Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles 1.11.1 Nanoprecipitation 1.11.2 Salting Out 1.11.3 Emulsification Diffusion 1.11.4 Emulsification Evaporation 1.11.5 Double Emulsion 1.12 Synthesis and Fabrication of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles 1.12.1 Two-Step Method 1.12.2 One-Step Method 2 Conclusions References