The Syntax of Sophocles

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THE SYNTAX OF SOPHOCLES CONTENTS Preface I. Number and Gender A. Number 1. Singular 2. Dual 3. Plural in nouns: motive for plurality 4. Other motives for plurality 5. Plural in pronouns, etc 6. Reference to the Chorus 7. Plural in adjectives B. Gender 8. Masculine 9. Feminine 10. Neuter II. Case Usage 1. Basis of description 2. Oblique cases: frequency 3. Adverbal case use 4. Adnominal case use 5. Other case use III. Nominative and Vocative A. Nominative 1. Introduction 2. Absolute uses, including nominativus pendens and nominative in apposition 3. The naming function of the nominative 4. Use in exclamation 5. Use in address 6. Use in co-ordinated address B. Vocative 7. Use with and without ώ (ίώ) 8. Some cases where ώ is required 9. Other patterns of use or omission of ώ 10. Participle in address 11. Vocative of adjective in predicative use, with participle or with finite verb 12. oύτoς 13. Aǐας Oiδiπovς 14. Co-ordinated address 15. Use of non-personal nouns as vocatives 16. Exclamatory use of the vocative; ώ with the imperative IV. Accusative 1. Introduction 2. Accusative of the object 3. Accusative of the external object 4. Accusative with compound verbs 5. Accusative as secondary complement of verbal phrase 6. Accusative with compound verbs (nomino-verbal) 7. Accusative with verbal adjective 8. Accusative with passive verb 9. Internal accusative 10. Double accusatives 11. Accusative of the whole and part 12. Adverbial accusative (adjectives and pronouns) 13. Adverbial accusative (nouns) 14. Accusative of respect 15. Accusative of extent (time and place) 16. Accusative of end of motion 17. Accusative in apposition to the sentence 18. Accusative absolute 19. Some independent uses 20. The accusative in so-called prolepsis V. Genitive 1 . Introduction A. Adnominal and derived uses 2. Introduction 3. Possessive-pertinentive use 4. Objective use 5. Genitive of definition 6. Genitive of quality 7. With compound ( including hypostasized) adjectives 8. Genitive of value, price; exchange B. Partitive 9. Introduction, and independent use 10. The partitive with non-verbal association 11 . Of Time and Place 12. Adverbal use: Introduction 13. With verbs of sharing 14. With verbs of tasting, making trial, beginning 15. With verbs of enjoying, benejiting from 16. With verbs of touching, seizing 17. With verbs of meeting, acquiring; hitting, missing 18. With verbs of approaching 19. With verbs of desiring, aiming at 20. With verbs of filling, being full, having abundance 21. With verbs of smelling, having scent 22. With verbs of hearing, perceiving 23. With verbs of remembering, forgetting; caring for 24. With verbs of ruling, controlling C. Ablatival 25. Introduction 26. With verbs of motion 27. With verbs of being born, etc. 28. With verbs of learning 29. With verbs of taking away, removing; receiving from 30. With verbs of separating from, depriving; lacking; stopping, ceasing from; delivering, escaping from 31. With negative compound adjectives 32. Genitive of comparison D. Further uses 33. Introduction 34. Genitive of cause 35. Genitive of exclamation 36. Genitive of relation: introductory 37. (i) With verbs of saying and hearing 38. (ii) With verbs of accusing or punishing, of the crime 39. (iii) With ἔχω, of state or condition 40. (iv) In more general use 41 . Genitive of the agent 42. Genitive absolute 43. Double genitives VI. Dative 1. Introduction A. Dative Proper 2. Final-directive use 3. With verbs of giving, taking away, etc 4. With verbs of meeting, approaching, retiring 5. With verbs of obeying, addressing 6. With verbs showing attitude or feeling towards 7. With verbs of ordering, advising; and of Leading 8. Dative of possession 9. Dative of advantage or disadvantage, of interest 10. Ethic dative 11. Dativus iudicantis 12. Dative of the agent B. Locative 13. Of place 14. Of respect 15. Of time C. Instrumental-comitative 16. Of the instrument or means 17. Of the cause or reason 18. Comitative, of accompaniment, association, likeness 19. Modal, of accompanying circumstances VII. Prepositions and Preverbs 1. Introduction 2. ἀμΨί 3. ἀvά 4. ἀvτί 5. ἀπό 6. δiά 7. είς 8. έv 9. έx, έξ 10. έπί 11. xατά 12. μετά 13. παρά 14. περί 15. πρό 16. πρός 17. σύv 18. ύπέρ 19. ύπό 20. Improper prepositions. VIII. Pronouns A. Personal Pronouns (First and Second Person) 1. Nominative uses: introduction 2. έγώ 3. σύ 4. ήμείς, ύμείς 5. Oblique cases 6. Reflexive use B. Third Person Pronouns 7. Introduction 8. αύτός 9. όήτός 10. νιν, σωε,oi 11. Reflexive use C. The Article 12. Introduction 13. With common nouns, individualising 14. With common nouns, generalising 15. With proper nouns 16. With a dependent genitive 17. Further use, with ad.fectives, and with participles 18. With infinitives 19. With adverbs 20. With prepositional phrases 21 . Position of the article D. Demonstratives 22. Introduction 23. όδε 24. oύτoς 25. έxεivoς 26. Combination of article and demonstrative E. Indefinite τiς 27. Use and position F. Interrogative τiς and πoioς 28. Use and position IX. Adjectives and adverbs 1. Substantival use ( anarthrous) 2. With ellipse of noun 3. Patronymic and possessive adjectives, etc 4. Enallage 5. Verbal Apposition 6. Predicative use ( including proleptic) 7. Articular adjective as predicate? 8. Plurality of adjectives 9. Repetition of adjectives 10. Verbal adjectives 11. Verbal adjectives in -τέoς 12. Comparison 13. Comparison with a positive adjective? 14. Reinforcement of the superlative 15. Elative use of comparative forms 16. Adverbial form in place of casejorm, and as predicate X. Voice 1. Formal criteria in middle and passive 2. Active and middle forms: overlapping of function 3. Use of the middle voice 4. Some passive uses XI. The Tenses 1. Introduction A. Tenses in the indicative 2. Present: of present time, or timeless 3. Present: of past time - introduction 4. Praesens pro perfecto 5. Historical present 6. Present: of future time 7. Imperfect: of continuous, habitual etc. past action 8. Imperfect: 'Eye-witness' use 9. Imperfect: conative use, etc 10. Imperfect: of consecutive action 11. Imperfect: 'open-ended' use 12. Imperfect: of truth just recognized 13. Aorist: of action in the past, without specification 14. Inceptive and terminative uses 15. Aorist in perfective contexts 16. Aorist: immediate and contemporary use 17. Aorist: gnomic use 18. Perfect 19. Perfect: 'intensive' use 20. Resultative perfect 21 . Gnomic and general use 22. Apparent approximation of perfect to aorist use 23. Reference to future in apodosis 24. Pluperfect 25. Future perfect 26. Future: prospective (including gnomic) use 27. Future: voluntative use 28. Future: use in command 29. Periphrastic forms of the verb B. Tenses outside the indicative 30. Imperative, subjunctive, optative 31. Infinitive 32. Participle: introduction 33. Present participle 34. Peifect participle 35. Future participle 36. Aorist participle XII. The Moods 1. Introduction A. The Indicative 2. Special uses not modified by ἀν. 3. The indicative with aν: past tenses 4. Future indicative with aν B. The Imperative 5. Positive Commands 6. Prohibition 7. Use in subordinate clauses 8. Alternative means of ordering C. The Subjunctive 9. Introduction 10. Voluntative Uses 11 . Deliberative Use 12. Use in Dependent Clauses D. The Optative 13. Introduction 14. Potential Use 15. Cupitive Use 16. Use in Dependent Clauses ΧΙΙΙ. The lnfinitive 1. Introduction 2. Infinitive of purpose and result 3. Limiting (explanatory) infinitive 4. As complement of verbs, and of nominal phrases 5. As subject 6. Absolute use 7. lmperatival use 8. Infinitive in prayer and wish 9. Infinitive in exclamation 10. Articular use 11. Nominative use 12. Accusative use 13. Genitive use 14. Dative use XIV. Participles A. Circumstantial 1. General introduction 2. Conjunctive use 3. Autonomous use 4. Temporal participles 5. Some special uses of conjunctive participles 6. The participle expressing the leading idea 7. ώς with the circumstantial participle B. Attributive 8. Use as adjective 9. Use as substantive (articular) 10. Use as substantive (non-articular) 11. Further use as an adjective (predicative, and with sense transfer) C. Supplementary 12. General use 13. Introduction by ώς XV. Relative clauses 1. δς as relative pronoun 2. δς τε 3. δσπερ 4. δστις 5. τίς 6. ό 7. Case attraction of the relative 8. 'Attraction' of the antecedent 9. Attraction of the adverbial antecedent 10. Articular antecedent or demonstrative in the relative clause 11. The replacement or use of a second relative clause 12. Causal use of the relative 13. Final use of the relative 14. Consecutive use of the relative XVI. Conditional clauses 1. Future conditions 2. Present or past conditions, with no implication as to non-fulfilment 3. Present or past conditions, contrary to fact 4. General conditions 5. Concessive conditions: εί χαί, χαί εί. XVII. Final clauses, and clauses after verbs of 'fearing' 1. Use of conjunctions 2. Modal use: the pure subjunctive 3. Subjunctive with άv 4. Optative 5. Use of secondary indicative tenses 6. Use of the future indicative 7. Independent use of ί'vα, ώς, δπως with injunctive sense 8. Finals with μή 9. Other forms of finals 10. Clauses after verbs of 'fearing' XVIII. Temporal clauses 1. Of time 'when', with historic indicative tenses 2. With present indicative 3. With perfect and pluperfect 4. Indefinite clauses, with subjunctive 5. Indefinites with optative 6. Of duration 'while', with indicative 7. Of duration, with subjunctive 8. Conjunctions meaning 'until' other than πρίv, with indicative 9. The same, with subjunctive 10. The same, with optative 11. πρίν 'before' and 'until': introduction 12. πρίν with indicative 13. πρίν with subjunctive 14. πρίν with optative 15. πρίν with infinitive 16. πρόσθεν ή' 'before 17. Causal use ΧΙΧ. Causal clauses 1. Use of conjunctions 2. Modal usage 3. έπεί and ώς in paratactic use ΧΧ. Comparative clauses 1. ώς, δπως etc. introducing a noun, nominal phrase, etc. 2. Introducing a participle 3. Summary of other subordinate uses § 4. independent injunctive use of δπως ΧΧΙ. Consecutive clauses 1. Introduction 2. ωστε and infinitive 3. ωστε and finite moods 4. Redundant use of ωστε with infinitive 5. wστε in parataxis 6. ώς with infinitive and indicative 7. δπως with irifinitive 8. Other consecutive uses ΧΧΙΙ. Substantive clauses 1. After verbs of 'saying' and 'thinking', introduced by a conjunction 2. Associated modal use 3. Indirect questions 4. Substantive clauses with the infinitive 5. Personal and impersonal use of the verb of 'saying' 6. The participial construction XXIII. Negatives 1. Introduction 2. oύ and μή generally in principals 3. oύ and μή in questions 4. oύ and μή in subordinates 5. Special negation of nominal elements 6. oύ and μή with infinitives 7. μή and oύ with infinitives 8. μή and oύ with participles 9. μή oύ with participles 10. Repeated negatives 11. Constructions with oti μή 12. οuδέν είναι, (τό) μηδέν είναι, ό μηδείς, ό μηδέν. XXIV. Nominal Structure 1. Formal definition 2. Pattern of Use Bibliography lndex of selected Passages Subject lndex