Digital Health: From Assumptions to Implementations

Description

This extensively updated second edition describes the increasing use of digital health technologies. It reflects and describes the scenario that healthcare consumers and providers have realized the potential of digital health technologies in light of the recent global healthcare issues, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Smartphones have become a medical hub through which patients can connect with their medical practitioners and share their vital signs collected through wearables. Concurrently, consumer mobile health apps have shifted from providing generic functionalities to supporting specific diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and cancer. Advancements in digital healthcare have also assisted clinicians, who have relied on artificial intelligence-based applications to support their decision-making. The extent to which digital health has advanced, and is being used by medical professionals and patients, is at the core of this book. Digital Health: From Assumptions to Implementations addresses the emerging trends and enabling tools contributing to technological advances in 21st Century healthcare practice. These areas include generic topics such as mobile health and telemedicine, as well as specific concepts such as social media for health, wearables and quantified-self trends. Also covered are the psychological models leveraged in the design of solutions to persuade us to follow some recommended actions, the design and educational facets of the proposed innovations, as well as ethics, privacy, security and liability aspects influencing its acceptance. Furthermore, sections on economic aspects of the proposed innovations are included, analyzing the potential business models and entrepreneurship opportunities in the domain. Contents Chapter 1: An Introduction to Digital Health: Current and Future Trends 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Current Trends 1.2.1 Improving the Health of Populations 1.2.2 Reducing the Cost of Healthcare 1.2.3 Improving the Experience of Care 1.2.4 Improve Care Provider Experience 1.3 Future Trends References Chapter 2: How Mobile Technologies Are Changing the Life of Physicians and Patients in Hospitals 2.1 Introduction 2.2 At An Institutional Level 2.2.1 Enabling the Use of Hospital Health Data 2.2.2 Security, Trust and Legal Aspects 2.3 At the Provider’s Level 2.3.1 Transforming the Way to Deal with EHR 2.3.2 From Standardized to Personalized System 2.3.3 Communication and Notification 2.4 At the Patient’s Level 2.4.1 Patient Empowerment 2.4.2 Challenges of Long-term Engagement with Health Technologies 2.4.3 Communicating in Both Way 2.4.4 Assessing Apps for Quality and Safety: Use Case 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: The Future of Telemedicine After Covid-19 3.1 The Calm Before the Storm 3.2 The Perfect Storm and Its Surge 3.3 The Quiet After the Storm 3.4 The Future of Telemedicine and Final Thoughts References Chapter 4: Introducing Computer Vision into Healthcare Workflows 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Computer Vision 4.3 Algorithm Development: a Relation Between Useful Datasets and Robust Models 4.3.1 Preparing Image Datasets 4.3.2 Training Robust Models 4.4 Validation Studies: The Path from Diagnostic Performance to Clinical Effectiveness 4.4.1 Ethics 4.4.2 Interpretability and Transparency 4.4.3 Clinical Trials 4.5 Integration to Health Information Systems: What and How 4.5.1 What 4.5.2 How 4.6 Current State: Where Are We Standing? 4.6.1 The Scientific Community 4.6.2 Commercially Available Products 4.7 Future Directions References Chapter 5: Technology-driven Solutions in Mental Health and Physical Well-being 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Challenges in Mental Healthcare 5.3 Role of Digital Mental Healthcare 5.3.1 Mental Health Screening 5.3.2 Digital Health for Mental Disorders 5.3.3 Pandemic-driven Digital Mental Health Services 5.4 Physical Well-being 5.4.1 The Key Areas of Population Well-being: Sleep and Nutrition 5.4.2 Impact of Sleep on Health 5.4.3 Impact of Nutritional Demands on Health 5.4.4 Nutrition and Sleep Syndemic 5.4.5 Role of Technology in Physical Well-being 5.4.6 Mobile Apps 5.4.7 Wearable Technologies 5.4.8 Nutritional Tracking/Monitoring 5.4.9 Chatbots 5.5 Conclusion and Path Forward References Chapter 6: Present Capabilities of Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Oncology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Use of AI in Surgical Oncology 6.2.1 Machine Learning 6.2.2 Deep Learning 6.2.3 Computer Vision 6.2.4 Natural Language Processing 6.3 Limitations on Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Oncology Research 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Machine Learning for Decision Support Systems: Prediction of Clinical Deterioration 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Classical Early Warning Score Systems 7.2.1 VitalPAC Early Warning Score 7.2.2 Age-Based Early Warning Score 7.2.3 Strengths and Limitations 7.3 Modern Computational Approaches for Early Warning 7.3.1 Laboratory Decision Tree Early Warning Score 7.3.2 Deep Interpretable Early Warning System 7.3.3 Advances during the Coronavirus Pandemic 7.3.4 Strengths and Limitations 7.4 Future Outlook 7.4.1 Evidence of Clinical Impact 7.4.2 Learning From Diverse and Heterogeneous Data Modalities 7.4.3 Towards a General Decision Support System 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Mixed and Augmented Reality in Healthcare: When Will It Deliver Its Promises? 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Possible Use of Mixed Reality in Medicine 8.3 AR and MR in Surgery 8.4 MR in Endovascular Procedures: One of the Greatest Examples of Its Usefulness 8.5 MR in Education 8.6 Patients Also Can Use MR 8.7 Challenges References Chapter 9: Why Healthcare Needs Blockchain 9.1 Part 1: The Promise of Blockchain for Healthcare 9.1.1 The Technology: A Primer 9.1.2 Blockchains 9.1.3 Healthcare Data 9.1.4 Case Study: The Currency and Value of Healthcare Data 9.1.5 Private Insurance Company 9.1.6 Discussion 9.1.7 Healthcare Data Economy 9.1.8 Analysing the Case Study 9.2 Part 2: The Current Landscape of Blockchain in Healthcare: A Brief Analysis 9.2.1 A Selection of our Results 9.2.1.1 List of Active Companies and Focus Areas 9.3 Part 3: A Future Vision for Healthcare Blockchains References Chapter 10: Nudging to Change, the Role of Digital Health 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Background 10.3 Digital Nudging Strategies 10.3.1 Default Nudge 10.3.2 Reminder Nudge 10.3.3 Feedback Nudge 10.3.4 Social Nudge 10.3.5 Framing Nudge 10.3.6 Suggesting Alternatives Nudge 10.3.7 Positioning Nudge 10.4 Digital Nudges in the Continuum of Care 10.4.1 Prevention 10.4.2 Pre-Acute Care 10.4.3 Acute Care 10.4.4 Post-Acute Care 10.4.5 Ethical Considerations 10.5 Landscape of Digital Nudging in Digital Health 10.5.1 Increasing Desired Behaviour 10.5.2 Personalized Mobile Feedback 10.5.3 Ethical Nudging Boundaries 10.5.4 Limitations 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: The Role of Design in Healthcare Innovation and Future Digital Health 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Towards a Definition of Design 11.3 The Role of Design in Healthcare Innovation 11.4 Design in Healthcare Innovation and Digital Health 11.5 Design and Hospitals of the Future 11.6 Design Narratives and Design Fiction 11.7 Future Healthcare Innovation and Digital Health Design Projects and Scenarios 11.7.1 Futuristic Intensive Care Units 11.7.2 HealthPod 11.7.3 Design Fiction to Envision Life in 2050 11.7.4 Assessing Pain in Pediatric Hospital Wards 11.8 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Medical Schools and Digital Health 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background: Some Data 12.3 Why Should Medical Schools Teach Digital Health? 12.4 Incorporating DHT: Challenges Faced by Medical Schools 12.5 Next Steps: Course Curriculum 12.6 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 13: Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Global Health 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Opportunities for Digitization in Global Health 13.2.1 Case Study 17.1: Health Digitization in Uganda 13.3 Implementation Challenges for Digital Global Health 13.3.1 Case Study 17.2: Rearing Data-literate Clinicians in Mexico 13.4 Future Directions 13.4.1 Case Study 17.3: Medicine Adherence in India 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Future Landscape in Digital Health 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Future Landscape of Digital Health 14.3 Delivery of Care in the Future of Digital Health 14.4 Final Words References Index