BASICS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND.

Description

Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors 1: Introduction 2: Understanding Accreditation and Certification in Musculoskeletal Ultrasound What Is the Difference Between Accreditation and Certification for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound? Accreditation Certification What Organizations Have Set Up a System for Accreditation and Certification? Accreditation Certification What Are the Standards and Guidelines for the Accreditation of Ultrasound Practices? What Are the AIUM Practice Guidelines for the Performance of the Musculoskeletal Examination? What Are the Current AIUM Training Guidelines for Physicians Who Evaluate and Interpret Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Exams? Continuing Medical Education What Are the Case Study Submission Requirements for AIUM Certification? How Much Will Accreditation and Certification Approximately Cost? Do I Need to Get Certified for Payment from Insurance Companies? Do Accreditation and Certification Bodies Handle Diagnostic Ultrasound and Ultrasound for Needle Guidance Procedures Differently? Suggested Reading 3: Choosing Ultrasound Equipment Introduction Console vs. Portable vs. Tablet/Smartphone Transducer Choices System Features: “Bells and Whistles” Warranties and Extended Service Contracts Transducer Care and Cleaning Summary Reference 4: Knobology The Machine Mode Doppler Mode Color Doppler Pulsed Wave or Duplex Doppler Power Doppler Frequency Image Balance Gain Time Gain Compensation Depth Focal Zones Documenting the Examination Text Measurements Initial Steps Clinical Exercise Suggested Reading 5: Tissue Scanning Ultrasound Equipment Anatomic Terminology Ultrasound Terminology Technical Aspects of Ultrasound Image Acquisition Probe Handling Probe Coupling Agents Gel Standoff Pad Probe Orientation to the Patient Probe Axis to the Imaged Structure Probe Manipulations Focusing/Knobology Ultrasound Imaging Artifact Anisotropy Acoustic Shadowing Acoustic Enhancement Reverberation Artifact Refraction Artifact Ultrasound Imaging of Normal Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tendons Ligaments Fascia Subcutaneous Tissue Cortical Bone Peripheral Nerves Bursa Articular Cartilage Advanced Ultrasound Techniques Sono-palpation Stress Views Dynamic Views Split-Screen Comparison Clinical Exercise Suggested Reading 6: Hand and Fingers Approach to the Joint Probe, Machine Setting, and Technique Common Pathologic Conditions Extensor Tendon Tear, Extensor Avulsion Fracture/Mallet Finger Central Slip Tear/Boutonniere Deformity Flexor Tendon Tear/Jersey Finger Volar Plate Injury Tenosynovitis Annular Pulley Tear/Climber’s Finger A1 Pulley Thickening/Trigger Finger MCP/IP Joint Arthritis First CMC Joint Arthritis Dupuytren Contracture Collateral Ligament Tear/Gamekeeper’s Thumb Foreign Body Ganglion Cyst Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls References Suggested Reading 7: Wrist Approach to the Joint Volar Aspect of the Wrist Dorsal Aspect of the Wrist Probe Selection and Presets Common Problems I Can’t Find the Median Nerve! How Do I Diagnose Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? What Are the Findings of De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis? What Is Intersection Syndrome? Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls Clinical Exercise References 8: Elbow Approach to the Joint Anterior Elbow Medial Elbow Lateral Elbow Posterior Elbow Probe Selection Specific Presets Common Problems Anterior Elbow Distal Biceps Posterior Interosseous Nerve Impingement Anterior Recess Assessment Medial Elbow Medial Epicondylosis Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Lateral Elbow Lateral Epicondylosis Posterior Elbow Distal Triceps Tendon Injury Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Cubital Instability Olecranon Bursitis Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls Clinical Exercise Suggested Reading 9: Shoulder Approach to the Joint Probe/Machine Settings Common Conditions Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tear Complete-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tear Calcific Tendonitis Biceps Tendonitis/Tenosynovitis Acromioclavicular Joint Arthropathy Subacromial Bursitis Adhesive Capsulitis Biceps Tendon Subluxation Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls Probe Choice Anisotropy Positioning Orientation Color Flow Depth Pictographs Save Images Become Ambidextrous Advanced Use of Ultrasound Clinical Exercises Reference Suggested Reading 10: Foot and Toes Approach to the Joint Probe/Machine Setting and Technique Common Pathologic Conditions Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls References 11: The Ankle Approach to the Joint Probe/Machine Setting and Technique Common Pathologic Conditions Anterior Medial Lateral Posterior Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls Suggested Readings 12: Knee Approach to the Joint Anterior Knee Medial Knee Posterior Knee Probe Selection/Settings Common Pathologic Conditions Baker’s Cyst Meniscal Tear Patellar Tendinopathy MCL Injury IT Band Syndrome Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease Pes Anserine Bursitis Quadriceps Tendon Rupture Patellar Dislocation Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls References 13: Hip Probe Selections and Presets Approach to the Joint Anterior Hip Lateral Hip Posterior Hip Common Problems Are Blood Vessels in the Path of My Needle? Is Impingement or Labrum the Pain Generator? Is Trochanteric Bursitis the Source of Pain? Where Is the Pain from Piriformis Syndrome? Red Flags Pearls and Pitfalls Clinical Exercise/Homework Suggested Reading 14: Groin Approach to the Patient Equipment Evaluation of the Groin Common Problems Snapping Hip Syndrome (Table 14.4) Evaluation of Hernias Sports-Related Groin Pain The Postoperative Hip Clinical Experience References 15: Ultrasound Guidance of Procedures Introduction Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided Versus Landmark-Guided Injections Safety and Patient Comfort Considerations Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Versus Landmark-Guided Injections Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks Ultrasound Guidance: General Principles Needle Steering Techniques Sterile Technique Hydrodissection Patient Positioning Injections by Joint Shoulder Subacromial-Subdeltoid (SASD) Bursa (Fig. 15.9) Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint (Fig. 15.10) Glenohumeral (GH) Joint (Fig. 15.11) Suprascapular Nerve Block (Fig. 15.12) Pearls and Pitfalls: Shoulder Injections Elbow Medial or Lateral Epicondyle (Fig. 15.13) Cubital Tunnel (Fig. 15.14) Pearls and Pitfalls: Elbow Wrist Carpal Tunnel (Fig. 15.15) First Dorsal Compartment (Fig. 15.16) Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint (Not Shown) Pearls and Pitfalls: Wrist Hand MCP and IP Joints (Not Shown) Trigger Finger (Fig. 15.17) Hip and Pelvis Hip Joint (Fig. 15.18) Psoas Bursa (Not Shown) Sacroiliac (SI) Joint (Fig. 15.19) Trochanteric Bursa (Fig. 15.20) Pearls and Pitfalls: Hip and Sacroiliac Joint Knee (Table 15.3) Suprapatellar Recess (Figs. 15.3 and 15.21) Prepatellar Bursa (Not Shown) Pes Anserinus Bursa (Fig. 15.22) Baker’s Cyst (Not Shown) Pearls and Pitfalls: Knee Ankle Talocrural Joint (Fig. 15.23) Ankle Tendon Sheath Injection (Fig. 15.24) Tarsal Tunnel (Not Shown) Foot Plantar Aponeurosis (Plantar Fascia) (Fig. 15.25) Midtarsal or MTP Joint (Fig. 15.26) Morton’s Neuroma (Not Shown) Pearls and Pitfalls: Ankle and Foot References Recommended Reading 16: Rheumatologic Findings Approach to the Joint Description Probe Selection Specific Presets Common Problems Synovitis (Fig. 16.1a, b) Tenosynovitis (Fig. 16.2) Bony Erosion (Fig. 16.3) Enthesitis (Fig. 16.4) Crystal Arthritis (Fig. 16.5a, b) Red Flags Synovitis Crystal Arthritis Pearls and Pitfalls Gout: Double-Contour Versus Interface Reflex Synovial Hyperemia: Artifact Versus Real Signal Clinical Exercise References 17: Approach to Peripheral Nerves Probe Selection and Technique Pearls and Pitfalls Common Pathologic Conditions Median Nerve Ulnar Nerve Pearls and Pitfalls Radial Nerve Pearls and Pitfalls Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Tibial Nerve Pearls and Pitfalls Red Flags References Suggested Reading 18: POCUS in Sports Medicine Introduction Preparation and Set Up of Portable Ultrasound for POCUS at Sporting Events Portable Machine Types Machine Set Up and Supplies On-site POCUS for sports-related musculoskeletal injuries Detection of the Fracture Fractures detected with portable US machines Rib fractures Rib Ultrasound Rib fracture Nasal fracture Detection of Other Acute Musculoskeletal Injuries Tendon injuries Ligament injuries Muscle Injuries Dislocation 5. POCUS for sports-related non-musculoskeletal injuries Ocular Ultrasound in acute ocular trauma Abdominal and Thoracic Blunt Trauma by eFAST (Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma) Pneumothorax References Index