Introduction to Active Phased Arrays

Description

Written by a renowned expert in the field, this book presents the fundamentals of phased array systems, including contemporary and advanced methods. It features applications ranging from advanced and commercial radars to remote sensing, and multiple channel communications. You will find detailed coverage of fields and waves analysis, domain analysis, fundamentals of array theory, far field synthesis, Floquet theory, aperture weighting functions, impedance and mutual coupling theory, and many other technical applications in system design. The book helps you understand array fundamentals that can be realized by analog, digital or hybrid beamforming methods, reflecting perceived trends in the industry. You’ll also benefit from numerous practice cases, with examples and illustrations to sharpen your understanding. The book leads readers through practical observations, analysis, and design methods that equip both entry-level and experienced engineers with the basic information to solve today’s problems and be in position to take on next-generation engineering and scientific challenges. Introduction to Active Phased Arrays Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Phased Arrays 1.1 Phased Array History and Perspective 1.2 Fundamentals of Wave Propagation: The Wave Equation 1.2.1 Boundary Condition Cases 1.3 Array Antennas 1.4 Aperture State Fundamentals 1.4.1 General Aperture State Relationships 1.4.2 Radiation Integrals for Circular Apertures 1.5 Array Far-Field Fundamentals 1.6 Frequency-Time Domains 1.6.1 Frequency-Time Domain: Fast Fourier Transform References Chapter 2 Array Theory 2.1 Array Far-Field Radiation 2.2 Array Far-Field Fundamental Observations 2.3 General Array Theory 2.4 Two-Element Arrays 2.5 Linear Arrays 2.5.1 Linear Arrays in Sine Space 2.5.2 Linear Array Aperture Projection 2.6 Planar Arrays 2.6.1 Planar Arrays with No Real-Space Grating Lobes 2.6.2 Planar Arrays with Real-Space Grating Lobes 2.7 Conformal Arrays 2.7.1 Radius of Curvature Embedded Element Geometry 2.7.2 Conformal Array Phase Alignment 2.7.3 Eclipsed Elements in Conformal Arrays References Chapter 3 Lattice Theory 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Floquet’s Theorem 3.2.1 Phased Array Surface Wave Condition 3.2.2 Phased Array Scan Volume 3.3 Lattice Theory 3.3.1 Rectangular Lattice 3.3.2 Equilateral Triangular Lattice 3.3.3 Isosceles Triangular Lattice 3.4 Reordered Lattice Theory 3.4.1 Ring Lattice Arrays 3.4.2 Spiral Lattice Arrays 3.5 Finite Array and Surface Wave Effects References Chapter 4 Array Fundamentals: Supporting Theories, Part I 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Radiating Aperture Fundamentals: Three Domains 4.3 Array Architecture 4.3.1 Case 1: Hybrid Beamformed, Single Polarization 4.3.2 Case 2: Analog Beamformed, Dual Simultaneous Polarization 4.4 Practical Limits 4.4.1 Theorem of Reciprocity 4.4.2 Conservation of Energy 4.4.3 Superposition 4.4.4 Duality Theorem 4.5 Near and Far Fields 4.5.1 The Far-Field Criterion 4.5.2 Array Reactive and Near Fields 4.6 Rotational Transforms 4.6.1 Coordinate Frames 4.6.2 Sine Space 4.6.3 Rotated Coordinate Frames 4.6.4 Inverted Rotated Coordinate Frames References Chapter 5 Array Fundamentals: Supporting Theories, Part II 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Radiated Gain 5.3 Polarization Domain 5.3.1 Polarization Transforms 5.3.2 Stokes Parameters 5.3.3 Polarization Isolation 5.3.4 Cross-Polarization 5.3.5 Scan-Dependent Polarization Properties 5.3.6 Polarization Compensation 5.4 Phased Array Noise Temperature 5.4.1 Antenna Noise Sources 5.4.2 Noise Wave Theory References Chapter 6 Phased Array Radiating Elements 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Single-Element Dipole over Ground Plane Radiators 6.2.1 Dipole Boundary Conditions 6.2.2 Dipole Radiation 6.3 Single-Element Waveguide Radiators 6.3.1 Rectangular Waveguide 6.3.2 Circular Waveguide 6.3.3 Circular Waveguide Radiator 6.4 Single-Element Patch Radiators 6.4.1 Square Patch Boundary Conditions 6.4.2 Square Patch Design Methods 6.4.3 Square Patch Radiation 6.4.4 Circular Patch Boundary Conditions 6.4.5 Circular Patch Radiation References Chapter 7 Active Radiating Elements 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Mutual Coupling and Embedded Elements in Arrays 7.2.1 Active Impedance, Reflection Coefficient, and Embedded Element Gain 7.2.2 WAIM 7.2.3 Real-Space Grating Lobes 7.2.4 Surface Impedance Effects 7.3 Active Radiating Element Cases 7.4 Active Dipole over Ground Plane Radiators 7.4.1 Linear Dipole Array 7.4.2 Vee Dipole Array 7.4.3 PUMA Array 7.5 Active Patch Radiators 7.5.1 Balanced Patch Radiator Array 7.5.2 Unbalanced Patch Radiator Array 7.5.3 Balanced Stacked Patch Radiator in a Rectangular Lattice Array References Chapter 8 Far-Field Synthesis, Part I 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fourier Transform Method for Linear Arrays 8.3 Schelkunoff’s Form 8.4 Canonic Forms 8.5 Truncated Complex Gaussian Forms 8.5.1 Truncated Gaussian Magnitude Aperture Taper 8.5.2 Truncated Gaussian Phase Aperture Taper 8.6 Modified sin(x)/x Distribution References Chapter 9 Far-Field Array Synthesis, Part II 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Woodward-Lawson Method 9.2.1 Nonorthogonal Woodward-Lawson Method 9.2.2 Difference Patterns by the Woodward-Lawson Method 9.2.3 Woodward-Lawson Synthesis Method with Controlled Sidelobes 9.3 Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis 9.4 Taylor Line Source Synthesis 9.5 Planar 2-D Array Distributions 9.6 Circular Aperture Distributions 9.6.1 Taylor Circular Array Sources 9.7 Iterative Synthesis Methods 9.8 MLE References Chapter 10 Stochastic Aperture Errors in Phased Arrays 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Stochastic (Random) Errors in Arrays 10.1.2 Average (rms) Far-Field Characteristics 10.1.3 Beam-Pointing Error 10.1.4 Peak and rms Sidelobes 10.1.5 Dispersion and Its Impact on Instantaneous Bandwidth 10.1.6 Polarization Isolation 10.2 Stochastic Error Budgets 10.3 Periodic (Correlated) Array Errors 10.3.1 Element-Level Phase Quantization 10.3.2 Subarray Spatial Effects 10.3.3 Subarray Frequency-Domain Effects 10.3.4 Aperture Blockage References About the Author Index