Introduction to Phase Diagrams in Materials Science and Engineering

Description

Phase diagrams are a MUST for materials scientists and engineers (MSEs). However, understanding phase diagrams is a difficult task for most MSEs. The audience of this book are young MSEs who start learning phase diagrams and are supposed to become specialists and those who were trained in fields other than materials science and engineering but are involved in research and/or development of materials after they are employed.Ternary phase diagrams presented in Chapter 4 are far more complex than binary phase diagrams. For this reason, ternary phase diagrams are nowadays less and less taught. However, in ceramics and semiconductors ternary phase diagrams become more and more important. Recent software provides necessary information to handle ternary phase diagrams. However, needless to say, without fundamental knowledge of ternary phase diagrams it is impossible to understand ternary phase diagrams correctly. In this book ternary phase diagrams are presented in a completely original way, with many diagrams illustrated in full color.In this book the essence of phase diagrams is presented in a user-friendly manner. This book is expected to be a Bible for MSEs. Contents Preface 1. Equilibrium Phase Diagrams 1.1 General Theory 1.1.1 Metallography and phase diagram 1.1.2 Terminology 1.1.3 Phase rule of Gibbs 1.2 Binary Alloys in Equilibrium State 1.2.1 How to express 1.2.2 Isomorphous (complete) solid solution 1.2.3 Eutectic alloy 1.2.4 Eutectoid reaction 1.2.5 Other eutectic-type invariant reactions 1.2.6 Peritectic reaction 1.2.7 Other peritectic-type invariant reactions 1.2.8 Phase diagram containing an intermediate phase 1.2.9 Two-phase separation versus ordering 1.2.10 Summary 1.3 Deviation from Equilibrium in Natural Cooling of Binary Alloys 1.3.1 Isomorphous (complete) solid solution 1.3.2 Eutectic alloy 1.3.3 Peritectic alloy 2. Heat Treatment of Alloys 2.1 Aging and Precipitation in Aluminum Alloys 2.1.1 Explanation based on phase diagram 2.1.2 Morphology of precipitates, structure of interfaces 2.1.3 Sequence of precipitation, G.P. zone and metastable precipitates 2.1.4 Reversion 2.1.5 Precipitation hardening 2.1.6 Spinodal decomposition 2.2 Heat Treatment in Steels 2.2.1 Fe-C phase diagram 2.2.2 Quenching and martensite 2.2.3 Other martensitic transformations 2.2.4 Tempering of martensite, Temperature-time-transformation (TTT) diagram, Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram 2.2.5 Improvement of hardenability of steel 2.2.6 Case hardening 3. Thermodynamics of Binary Phase Diagrams 3.1 Equilibrium Between Different Phases 3.1.1 Chemical potential 3.1.2 Simple phase diagram and free energy 3.1.3 Free energy of substitutional solid solution 3.1.4 Free energy of a liquid 3.2 Thermodynamics of Nucleation 3.2.1 Spinodal decomposition 3.2.2 Homogeneous nucleation 3.2.3 Heterogeneous nucleation 3.2.4 Precipitation of intermediate phases 3.2.5 Martensitic transformation 4. Ternary Phase Diagram 4.1 Fundamentals of Ternary Phase Diagrams 4.1.1 How to represent — The Gibbs triangle 4.1.2 Tie-lines and lever principle 4.1.3 Phase rule in the ternary system 4.1.4 Space diagram and sectional diagram 4.2 Relatively Simple Ternary Systems 4.2.1 Solidification of an isomorphous (complete) ternarysolid solution 4.2.2 Simple eutectic system 4.2.3 Simple peritectic system 4.3 Complex Ternary Systems 4.3.1 Ternary eutectic system (Class I) 4.3.2 Peritecto-eutectic system (Class II) 4.3.3 Peritecto-eutectic system (Class III) 4.3.4 Summary 4.4 Ternary Systems Containing Intermetallic Compound 4.4.1 Quasi-binary system 4.4.2 Quasi-binary systems are not formed Appendix: Conversion of indices between three and four indices in HCP Index