Upgrading and Repairing PCs (22nd Edition)

Description

Contents Introduction 1 Development of the PC Computer History: Before Personal Computers Timeline Electronic Computers Modern Computers From Tubes to Transistors Integrated Circuits History of the PC Birth of the Personal Computer The IBM Personal Computer The PC Industry 34 Years Later 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design What Is a PC? Who Controls PC Software? Who Controls PC Hardware? White-Box Systems System Types System Components 3 Processor Types and Specifications Microprocessor History The First Microprocessor PC Processor Evolution 16-Bit to 64-Bit Architecture Evolution Processor Specifications Data I/O Bus Address Bus Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) Processor Modes Processor Benchmarks Comparing Processor Performance Cache Memory Processor Features System Management Mode Superscalar Execution MMX Technology Dynamic Execution Dual Independent Bus Architecture HT Technology (Hyperthreading) Multicore Technology Hardware-Assisted Virtualization Support Processor Manufacturing PGA Chip Packaging Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Processor Packaging Processor Socket and Slot Types Socket LGA775 Socket LGA1156 Socket LGA1366 Socket LGA1155 Socket LGA2011 Socket LGA1150 Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+ Socket F (1207FX) Socket FM1 Socket FM2 Socket FM2+ Socket AM1 (Socket FS1B) CPU Operating Voltages Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) Processor Bugs and Steppings Processor Code Names P1 (086) Processors P2 (286) Processors P3 (386) Processors P4 (486) Processors P5 (586) Processors AMD-K5 Intel P6 (686) Processors Pentium Pro Processors Pentium II Processors Pentium III Celeron Intel Pentium 4 and Extreme Edition Processors Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition Intel Core Processors Intel Core 2 Family Intel (Nehalem) Core i Processors AMD K6 Processors AMD K7 Processors AMD Athlon AMD Duron AMD Athlon XP Athlon MP AMD K8 Processors AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX AMD Sempron AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX AMD K10 Processors (Phenom, Phenom II, Athlon II, Athlon X2, Sempron) AMD Bulldozer, Piledriver, Steamroller, and Excavator FX Processors AMD Fusion/HSA APUs Processor Upgrades Overclocking Quartz Crystals Modern PC Clocks Overclocking Tips Unlocking Cores Bus Speeds and Multipliers Processor Cooling Heatsinks Liquid Cooling Thermally Advantaged Chassis Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 4 Motherboards and Buses Motherboard Form Factors Obsolete Form Factors ATX and Other Modern Form Factors Processor Sockets/Slots Chipsets Chipset Evolution Intel Chipsets Intel Chipset Model Numbers Intel Integrated Graphics Architecture AMD Integrated Graphics Architecture Traditional North/southbridge Architecture Hub Architecture HyperTransport and Other Processor/ Chipset Interconnects Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets Intel 915 Family Intel 925X Family Intel 945 Express Family Intel 955X and 975X Family Intel 96x Series Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets Intel 5x Series Chipsets Intel 6x Series Chipsets Intel 7x Series Chipsets Intel 8x Series Chipsets Intel 9x Series Chipsets Third-Party Chipsets for Intel Processors SiS Chipsets ULi Electronics Chipsets ATI Chipsets VIA Chipsets NVIDIA Chipsets for Intel Processors Chipsets for AMD Processors AMD Athlon Chipsets AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset AMD (Formerly ATI) Chipsets for Athlon 64, Sempron, Phenom Third-Party Chipsets for AMD Processors VIA Chipsets SiS Chipsets NVIDIA Chipsets Super I/O Chips Motherboard Connectors System Bus Types, Functions, and Features The Processor Bus (FSB) Types of I/O Buses The ISA Bus The Micro Channel Bus The EISA Bus Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express, AGP) System Resources Interrupts DMA Channels I/O Port Addresses Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For) Chipset Documentation 5 BIOS BIOS Basics Motherboard ROM BIOS ROM Hardware ROM Shadowing ROM Chip Types ROM BIOS Manufacturers BIOS Hardware/Software Upgrading the BIOS Where to Get Your BIOS Update Determining Your BIOS Version Backing Up Your BIOS Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) Settings Upgrading a Flash BIOS Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses Preboot Environment Unified Extensible Firmware Interface UEFI and BIOS Limitations UEFI Support BIOS Setup Running or Accessing the BIOS Setup Program BIOS Setup Menus Maintenance Menu Main Menu Exit Menu AMD-Specific BIOS Settings PnP BIOS PnP Device IDs ACPI BIOS/MBR Error Messages BIOS Boot Error Messages MBR Boot Error Messages 6 Memory Memory Basics ROM DRAM Cache Memory: SRAM Memory Standards Speed and Performance Fast Page Mode DRAM Extended Data Out RAM SDRAM DDR SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM DDR4 SDRAM RDRAM Memory Modules Registered Modules SDR DIMM Details DDR DIMM Details DDR2 DIMM Details DDR3 DIMM Details DDR4 DIMM Details Determining a Memory Module’s Size and Features Memory Banks Memory Module Speed Parity and ECC Parity Checking How Parity Checking Works ECC RAM Upgrades Upgrade Options and Strategies Purchasing Memory Replacing Modules with Higher-Capacity Versions Installing Memory Modules Troubleshooting Memory Memory Defect Isolation Procedures The System Logical Memory Layout 7 The ATA/IDE Interface An Overview of the IDE Interface Precursors to IDE IDE Origins Origins of ATA ATA Standards ATA-1 (ATA Interface for Disk Drives) ATA-2 (ATA Interface with Extensions-2) ATA-3 (ATA Interface-3) ATA/ATAPI-4 (ATA with Packet Interface Extension-4) ATA/ATAPI-5 (ATA with Packet Interface-5) ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA with Packet Interface-6) ATA/ATAPI-7 (ATA with Packet Interface-7) ATA/ATAPI-8 PATA PATA I/O Connector PATA I/O Cable Longer or Rounded Cables PATA Signals PATA Dual-Drive Configurations PATA PIO Transfer Modes PATA DMA Transfer Modes SATA SATA Standards and Performance SATA Express SATA Cables and Connectors eSATA SATA Configuration Advanced Host Controller Interface Non-Volatile Memory Express SATA Transfer Modes ATA Features ATA Commands ATA Security Mode Host Protected Area ATAPI ATA Drive Capacity Limitations Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Multiples BIOS Limitations CHS Versus LBA CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions BIOS Commands Versus ATA Commands CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier) CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Barrier) The 2.1GB and 4.2GB Barriers LBA-Assist Translation The 8.4GB Barrier The 137GB Barrier and Beyond Operating System and Other Software Limitations GPT and the 2.2TB Barrier PATA/SATA RAID Software RAID 8 Magnetic Storage Magnetic Storage History of Magnetic Storage How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data Read/Write Head Designs Ferrite Metal-In-Gap Thin-Film Magneto-Resistive Heads Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads Head Sliders Data-Encoding Schemes Frequency Modulation Encoding Modified FM Encoding Run Length Limited Encoding Encoding Scheme Comparisons Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Decoders Capacity Measurements Areal Density Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Helium-Filled Drives Shingled Magnetic Recording Definition of a Hard Disk Hard Drive Advancements Form Factors 5 1/4-Inch Drive 3 1/2-Inch Drive 2 1/2-Inch Drive 1.8-Inch Drive 1-Inch Drives HDD Operation Data Recovery Options The Ultimate HDD Analogy Tracks and Sectors ECC Disk Formatting Basic HDD Components Hard Disk Platters (Disks) Recording Media Read/Write Heads Head Actuator Mechanisms Air Filters Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation Spindle Motors Logic Boards Cables and Connectors Configuration Items Hard Disk Features Capacity Performance Reliability 9 Flash and Removable Storage Alternative Storage Devices Flash Memory Devices CompactFlash, XQD, and CFast SmartMedia MultiMediaCard SecureDigital Sony Memory Stick ATA Flash PC Card Card-Picture Card Solid-State Drives Virtual SSD (RAMdisk) Flash-Based SSDs USB Flash Drives Comparing Flash Memory Devices SD Cards Speed Class and UHS Speed Class Markings File Systems Used by Flash Memory Flash Card Readers Card Readers ReadyBoost Support Cloud-Based Storage Floppy Disk Drives Tape Drives 10 Optical Storage Optical Technology CD-Based Optical Technology CDs: A Brief History CD Construction and Technology Mass-Producing CDs Writable CDs MultiRead Specifications MultiPlay and MultiAudio DVD DVD History DVD Construction and Technology DVD Tracks and Sectors Handling DVD Errors DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers) Data Encoding on the DVD Disc Recordable DVD Standards Multiformat Rewritable DVD Drives BD HD-DVD Optical Disc Formats CD Formats DVD Formats and Standards Optical Disc File Systems Ripping/Copying Discs ”For Music Use Only” CD-R/RW Discs CD Copy Protection CD Digital Rights Management DVD and Blu-ray Copy Protection Optical Drive Performance Specifications CD Data Transfer Rate CD Drive Speed DVD Drive Speed BD Drive Speed Access Time Buffer/Cache Direct Memory Access and Ultra-DMA Interface Loading Mechanism Other Drive Features How to Reliably Record Optical Discs Bootable Optical Discs—El Torito LightScribe and LabelFlash Troubleshooting Optical Drives Caring for Optical Media Updating the Firmware in an Optical Drive 11 Video Hardware Display Adapters and Monitors Video Display Adapters Video Adapter Types Integrated Video/Motherboard Chipsets CPUs with Integrated Video Intel Processors with Integrated Graphics AMD Desktop APUs Video Adapter Components Identifying the Video and System Chipsets Video RAM The DAC Video Display Interfaces The System Interface The Display Interface TV Display Interfaces 3D Graphics Accelerators How 3D Accelerators Work APIs Dual-GPU Scene Rendering Monitors Display Specifications LCD and LED Technology Touchscreens Plasma Display Technology LCD and DLP Projectors Using Multiple Monitors Dualview Homogeneous Adapters Heterogeneous Adapters Choosing the Best Display Hardware for a Particular Task Video Troubleshooting and Maintenance Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers Video Drivers Maintaining Monitors Testing Monitors Adjusting Monitors Bad Pixels Troubleshooting Monitors Repairing Monitors 12 Audio Hardware Audio Hardware Concepts and Terms The Nature of Sound Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Hardware Sampling Early PC Sound Cards Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro Compatibility Microsoft Windows and Audio Support DirectX and Audio Support Hardware Core Audio APIs for Windows 3D Gaming Audio Standards Legacy Audio Support Through Virtualization Audio Hardware Features Basic Connectors Audio Signal Processing Methods Advanced Audio Features Volume Control MIDI Support Features Data Compression Sound Drivers Sound Cards for Sound Producers Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated Audio Intel “Azalia” HD Audio Troubleshooting PC Audio Problems Sound Card and Onboard Audio Problems Speakers Speaker Selection Criteria Theater and Surround Sound Considerations Microphones 13 External I/O Interfaces Introduction to Input/Output Ports Serial Versus Parallel Universal Serial Bus IEEE 1394 (FireWire or i.LINK) Hot-Plugging (and Unplugging) Thunderbolt Technology Low-Speed External Connections Serial Ports Parallel Ports 14 Input Devices Keyboards Enhanced 101-Key Keyboard 103/104-Key Windows Keyboard Keyboard Technology Keyswitch Design The Keyboard Interface Typematic Functions Keyboard Scan Codes International Keyboard Layouts Keyboard/Mouse Interface Connectors USB Keyboards Keyboards with Special Features Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair Cleaning a Keyboard Keyboard Recommendations Pointing Devices Mouse Sensitivity Ball-Type Mice Optical Mice Pointing Device Interface Types Scroll Wheels Mouse Troubleshooting Cleaning Your Mouse Alternative Pointing Devices Touchscreen Technology Wireless Input Devices Power Management Features of Wireless Input Devices Supporting Multiple Devices with a Single Transceiver Troubleshooting Wireless Input Devices 15 Internet Connectivity Internet Connectivity Trends Broadband Internet Access Types Cable Internet Digital Subscriber Line Wireless Broadband Cellular Broadband 3G and 4G Services Satellite Broadband ISDN Leased Lines Comparing High-Speed Internet Access Dial-Up Modems Internet Connection Security Having a Backup Plan in Case of Service Interruptions Sharing Your Internet Connection Routers for Internet Sharing Modem/Router Status LEDs 16 Local Area Networking Defining a Network Types of Networks Requirements for a Network Client/Server Versus Peer Networks Client/Server Networks Peer-to-Peer Networks Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks Network Architecture Overview Wired Ethernet Wireless Ethernet Bluetooth Hardware Elements of Your Network NICs for Wired Ethernet Networks Network Cables for Wired Ethernet Wired Network Topologies Switches for Ethernet Networks Wireless Ethernet Hardware Network Protocols IP and TCP/IP IPX and NetBEUI Other Home Networking Solutions HomePNA HomeGrid Forum and G.hn Networking Power Line Networking Putting Your Network Together Network Adapters Cables and Connections Between Computers Switch/Access Point 17 Power Supplies The Power Supply Primary Function and Operation Voltage Rails The Power Good Signal Power Supply Form Factors Modern Form Factors Power Switches ATX and Newer PC/XT/AT and LPX Power Switches Motherboard Power Connectors AT/LPX Power Supply Connectors ATX and ATX12V Motherboard Power Connectors Backward and Forward Compatibility Dell Proprietary (Nonstandard) ATX Design Additional Power Connectors Peripheral Power Connectors Floppy (Berg) Power Connectors Serial ATA Power Connectors PCI Express Auxiliary Graphics Power Connectors Power Supply Specifications Power Supply Loading Power Supply Ratings Other Power Supply Specifications Power Factor Correction SLI-Ready and CrossFire/CrossFireX Certifications Safety Certifications Power-Use Calculations Power Savings 80 Plus ENERGY STAR Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Power Cycling Power Supply Troubleshooting Overloaded Power Supplies Inadequate Cooling Using Digital Multimeters Specialized Test Equipment Power Supply Recommendations Modular Cables Sources for Replacement Power Supplies Power-Protection Systems Surge Suppressors (Protectors) Network and Phone Line Surge Protectors Line Conditioners Backup Power Real-Time Clock/Nonvolatile RAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries Modern CMOS Batteries Obsolete or Unique CMOS Batteries CMOS Battery Troubleshooting 18 Building or Upgrading Systems System Components Before You Start: How to Decide What to Build Case and Power Supply Processor Motherboard Memory I/O Ports Hard Disk/Solid-State Drives Removable Storage Input Devices Video Card and Display Audio Hardware Accessories Hardware and Software Resources System Assembly and Disassembly Assembly Preparation Installing the CPU and Heatsink Installing Memory Modules Mounting the New Motherboard in the Case Preparing a Modular Power Supply Connecting the Power Supply Connecting I/O and Other Cables to the Motherboard Installing the Drives Installing a Video Card Installing Additional Expansion Cards Replacing the Cover and Connecting External Cables System Startup Installing the OS Troubleshooting New Installations 19 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance PC Diagnostics Diagnostics Software The POST Insyde BIOS Diagnostic and Beep Codes Peripheral Diagnostics Operating System Diagnostics Commercial Diagnostics Software Free/User-Supported Diagnostics The Boot Process The Hardware Boot Process: Operating System Independent The DOS Boot Process The Windows 9x/Me Boot Process Windows 2000/XP Startup Windows Vista/7 Startup Windows 8.1/10 Startup PC Maintenance Tools Hand Tools Safety Test Equipment Special Tools for the Enthusiast Preventive Maintenance Active Preventive Maintenance Procedures Passive Preventive Maintenance Procedures Troubleshooting Tips and Techniques Repair or Replace? Basic Troubleshooting Steps Troubleshooting by Replacing Parts Troubleshooting by the Bootstrap Approach Problems During the POST Problems Running Software Problems with Adapter Cards Top Troubleshooting Problems Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y-Z Where are the Companion Content Files?