Polymer-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, and Applications

Description

The increasing use of composite materials over conventional materials has been a continual trend for over a decade. While the fundamental understanding of fiber reinforcement has not changed, many new material advancements have occurred, especially in manufacturing methods, and there is an ever-growing number of composite material applications across various industries. Polymer-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, and Applications presents the concepts and methods involved in the development of various fiber-reinforced composite materials. Features: Offers a comprehensive view of materials, mechanics, processing, design, and applications Bridges the gap between research, manufacturing science, and analysis and design Discusses composite materials composed of continuous synthetic fibers and matrices for use in engineering structures Presents codes and standards related to fiber-reinforced polymer composites Includes case studies and examples based on industrial, automotive, aerospace, and household applications This book is a valuable resource for advanced students, researchers, and industry personnel to understand recent advances in the field and achieve practical results in the development, manufacture, and application of advanced composite materials. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 History of Composites and Polymers 1.1 Definition of Composites 1.2 Definition of Polymers 1.3 Need for Polymer-based Composites 1.4 Polymer Matrix Types 1.4.1 Thermoset Polymers 1.4.1.1 Polyester 1.4.1.2 Epoxy 1.4.1.3 Vinyl Ester 1.4.1.4 Phenolic Resins 1.4.1.5 Polyamides and Bismaleimides 1.4.2 Thermoplastic Polymers 1.4.2.1 Thermoplastic Properties 1.4.2.2 Thermoplastic Processing 1.5 Types of Polymer-based Composites 1.5.1 Matrix Phase 1.5.1.1 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) 1.5.1.2 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) 1.5.1.3 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) 1.5.2 Reinforcements 1.5.2.1 Fiber 1.5.2.2 Particle 1.5.2.3 Sheet 1.5.3 Scale 1.5.3.1 Nanocomposites 1.5.4 Biocomposites 1.6 Types of Reinforcements 1.7 Applications 1.7.1 Polymers Composites in the Transportation Industry 1.7.2 Polymer Composites in the Medical Device Industry 1.7.2.1 Benefits Provided by Polymer Composites 1.7.3 Polymers and Polymer-based Composites in Different Applications: The Sporting Goods Industry 1.7.3.1 Building, Construction, and Civil Engineering Sectors 1.7.4 Use of Polymers and Polymer-based Composites in Energy-related Applications 1.7.5 Oil and Gas Exploration, Production, Transport, and Storage References Chapter 2 Natural Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites 2.1 Natural Fiber as Reinforcement in Polymers 2.2 Synthetic Fiber as Reinforcement in Polymers 2.3 Particulate as Reinforcement in Polymers 2.4 Fillers as Reinforcement in Polymers 2.5 Applications 2.7 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Design of Polymer-Based Composites 3.1 Parameters 3.1.1 Matrix 3.1.2 Reinforcement 3.1.3 Geometrical Parameters 3.2 Conventional Manufacturing Processes 3.2.1 Prepregs 3.2.2 Injection Molding 3.2.3 Vacuum Bag Molding 3.2.4 Vacuum Infusion Process 3.2.5 Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding 3.2.6 Spray-up Technique 3.2.7 Pultrusion 3.3 Thermoplastic Matrix Composite Manufacturing Methods 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 3.4.1 Advantages 3.4.2 Disadvantages 3.5 Applications 3.5.1 Automotive Vehicles 3.5.2 Aerospace Vehicles 3.5.3 Marine Vehicles 3.5.4 Medical Devices 3.5.5 Personal Guards References Chapter 4 Design of Polymer Hybrid Composites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hybrid Composites Types 4.2.1 Synthetic-Synthetic Fibre Composition 4.2.2 Natural-Natural Fibre Composition 4.2.3 Synthetic-Natural Fibres Composites 4.3 Hybrid Composites Processing 4.3.1 Pultrusion 4.3.2 Injection Moulding 4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 4.4.1 Advantages 4.4.2 Disadvantages 4.5 Applications References Chapter 5 Biocomposites Based on Polymers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Types of Polymer-Based Biocomposites 5.2.1 Matrix 5.2.2 Fillers/Reinforcement 5.2.3 Resins 5.3 Biocomposites Processing 5.3.1 Open Mold Processes 5.3.1.1 Hand Laminating Method 5.3.1.2 Spray-Up 5.3.1.3 Filament Winding 5.3.1.4 Pultrusion 5.3.2 Closed Mold Process 5.3.2.1 Vacuum Bag 5.3.2.2 Autoclave 5.3.2.3 Compression Molding 5.3.2.5 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) 5.3.2.6 Vacuum-Assisted Resin Injection 5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.4.1 Advantages of Biocomposites 5.4.2 Disadvantages of Biocomposites 5.5 Applications 5.5.1 Health Care 5.5.2 Automobile Applications 5.5.3 Marine Applications 5.5.4 Construction Applications 5.5.5 Packaging Applications References Chapter 6 Polymer Nanocomposites: Polymer Composites: Design, Manufacturing, and Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Three Categories of Nano-reinforcement 6.2.1 Nanoparticles 6.2.2 Layered Platelet Materials 6.3 Nanocomposite Types 6.3.1 Polymer-Based Matrices 6.3.1.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 6.3.1.2 Thermosetting Polymer Matrices 6.3.1.3 Polymer Matrices and their Applicability 6.3.1.4 Polymer-nonmetallic Nanocomposites 6.4 Nanocomposites Processing 6.4.1 Intercalation of the Polymer 6.4.2 Direct Mixing 6.4.3 In-situ Polymerization 6.4.4 Solution Mixing 6.4.5 Processing of In-situ Particles 6.4.6 Wet Chemical Processing 6.4.7 Thermoplastic Processing 6.4.8 Common Processing Methods 6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 6.6 Applications 6.6.1 Gas Barriers Properties (For Plastic Bottles, Packaging, and Sports Goods) 6.6.2 Energy Storage Systems and Sensors 6.6.3 Membranes and Optical Glass 6.6.4 Electronics and Automobile Sectors 6.6.5 Coating Materials 6.6.6 Biomedical Sectors 6.7 Conclusions References Chapter 7 Analysis of Various Parameters on Polymer Matrix Composites 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Constituents of Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) 7.2.1 Matrix 7.2.2 Reinforcement 7.2.3 Interphase 7.3 Analysis of Various Parameters on Polymer Composites 7.4 Physical Parameters 7.4.1 Density 7.4.2 Particle Size 7.4.3 Aspect Ratio 7.4.4 Volume Fraction 7.4.5 Crystallinity of Polymer 7.4.6 Diameter of the Fiber 7.4.7 Nature of Origin 7.5 Chemical Parameters 7.5.1 Chemical Composition of the Fiber 7.5.2 Chemical Treatment on the Surface of the Fiber 7.5.3 Effect of Compatibilizers/Coupling Agents on the Interfacial Adhesion between the Composite 7.5.4 Functionalization 7.6 Mechanical Properties of Constituents 7.6.1 Effect of the Fiber Content on Tensile Modulus of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) 7.6.2 Fiber Strength 7.7 Environmental Parameters 7.7.1 Mechanism of Degradation 7.7.2 Effect of Temperature 7.7.3 Effect of Water Absorption/Moisture Penetration 7.7.4 Effect of Biological Factors 7.7.5 Effect of Weathering 7.7.6 Effect of Ultraviolet Radiations 7.8 Conclusions References Chapter 8 Tribo Performance Analysis on Polymer-Based Composites 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Analysis of Wear on Natural Fiber-based Composites 8.3 Erosion Analysis of Natural Fiber-based Composites 8.4 Corrosion Analysis of Composites 8.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 9 Failure Analysis of Polymer-Based Composites 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Failure Prediction 9.3 Methods to Analysis Fracture Mechanism 9.3.1 Procedure for Analysis 9.3.1.1 Overall Procedure 9.3.1.2 Post-failure Damage References Chapter 10 Applications of Various Types of Polymer-Based Composites 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fiber Composites in Automotive Sectors 10.3 Fiber Composites in Aerospace Sectors 10.4 Fiber Composites in Construction 10.5 Polymer and its Composites in Electrical and Electronics Applications 10.6 Biopolymer/Bio-nanocomposites and its Applications 10.7 Role of Polymer Composites in Biomedical Applications References Index