Bone Remodeling Process: Mechanics, Biology, and Numerical Modeling

Description

Bone Remodeling Process: Mechanics, Biology, and Numerical Modeling provides a literature review. The first part of the book discusses bones in a normal physiological condition, bringing together the involved actors and factors reported over the past two decades, and the second discusses pathological conditions, highlighting the attack vectors of each bone disease. The third part is devoted to the mathematical descriptions of bone remodeling, formulated to develop models able to provide information that is not amenable to direct measurement, while the last part focuses on models using the finite element method in investigating bone biomechanics. This book creates an overall image of the complex communication network established between the diverse remodeling actors, based on overwhelming control evidence revealed over recent years, as well as visualizes the remodeling defects and possible treatments in each case. It also regroups the models allowing readers to analyze and assess bone mechanical and biological properties. This book details the cellular mechanisms allowing the bone to adapt its microarchitecture to the requirements of the human body, which is the main issue in bone biology and presents the evolution of mathematical modeling used in a bone computer simulation. Front Cover Bone Remodeling Process Copyright Page Contents Introduction 1 Bone multiscale mechanics Abbreviations 1.1 Bone multiscale and hierarchical organization 1.1.1 Bone elementary components 1.1.2 Structural components level 1.1.3 Arrays and array patterns levels 1.1.4 Superstructure level 1.1.5 Material patterns level 1.1.6 Tissue elements level 1.1.7 Tissue and the organ (whole bone) levels 1.1.7.1 Cortical bone tissue 1.1.7.2 Trabecular bone tissue 1.2 Cortical bone macromechanical properties 1.2.1 Preparation of bones samples for handling 1.2.2 Preparation of bone samples for mechanical testing 1.2.3 Cortical bone characteristics 1.2.4 Cortical bone ailments 1.2.5 Genetic disorders 1.2.6 Triggered bone ailments 1.2.7 Fractures 1.2.8 Osteoporosis 1.3 Bones as a composite structure 1.4 Concluding remarks References 2 Bone remodeling biology Abbreviations 2.1 Bone cells 2.1.1 Osteoblasts 2.1.2 Osteoclasts 2.1.3 Osteocytes 2.1.4 Reversal cells 2.1.5 Bone lining cells 2.2 Bone remodeling cycle 2.2.1 Activation phase 2.2.2 Resorption phase 2.2.3 Reversal phase 2.2.4 Formation phase 2.2.5 Termination phase 2.3 Bone cell interactions 2.3.1 Effects of osteoblasts on osteoclasts 2.3.2 Effects of osteoclasts on osteoblasts 2.3.3 Bidirectional regulations between osteoblasts and osteoclasts 2.3.4 Osteocyte contribution to the osteoblasts and osteoclasts 2.3.5 Reversal cell contribution to the osteoblast-osteoclast interplay 2.3.6 Lining cell contribution to the osteoblast-osteoclast interplay 2.3.7 Bone matrix contribution to the osteoblast-osteoclast interplay 2.3.8 Signals to and from other marrow components 2.4 Factors influencing bone from a biological point of view 2.4.1 Age1 2.4.2 Sex steroids 2.4.3 Alcohol 2.4.4 Body size 2.5 Concluding remarks References 3 Bone diseases and associated therapeutic solutions Abbreviations 3.1 Metabolic bone diseases 3.1.1 Osteoporosis 3.1.1.1 Clinical features of osteoporosis 3.1.1.2 Etiology of osteoporosis 3.1.1.3 Diagnosis of osteoporosis 3.1.1.4 Management of osteoporosis 3.1.2 Rickets 3.1.2.1 Clinical features of rickets 3.1.2.2 Etiology of rickets 3.1.2.3 Diagnosis of rickets 3.1.2.4 Management of rickets 3.1.3 Osteomalacia 3.1.3.1 Clinical features of osteomalacia 3.1.3.2 Epidemiology of osteomalacia 3.1.3.3 Diagnosis of osteomalacia 3.1.3.4 Management of osteomalacia 3.1.4 Paget disease of bone 3.1.4.1 Clinical features of Paget disease of bone 3.1.4.2 Etiology of Paget disease of bone 3.1.4.3 Diagnosis Paget disease of bone 3.1.4.4 Management of Paget disease of bone 3.1.5 Osteogenesis imperfecta 3.1.5.1 Clinical features of osteogenesis imperfecta 3.1.5.2 Etiology of osteogenesis imperfecta 3.1.5.3 Diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta 3.1.5.4 Management of osteogenesis imperfecta 3.2 Multiple myeloma 3.2.1 Clinical features of multiple myeloma 3.2.2 Etiology of multiple myeloma 3.2.3 Diagnosis of multiple myeloma 3.2.4 Management of multiple myeloma 3.3 Recent rare case reports 3.4 Concluding remarks References 4 Bone remodeling mathematical models Abbreviations 4.1 Bone remodeling in vitro 4.2 Mathematical modeling in bone remodeling 4.2.1 Mechanical models 4.2.1.1 Isotropic models 4.2.1.2 Anisotropic models 4.2.2 Biological models 4.2.3 Biomechanical models 4.2.4 Mechanobiological models 4.3 Modeling of bone remodeling during treatments 4.4 Conclusion and remarks References 5 Bone and bone remodeling finite element modeling Abbreviations 5.1 Finite element modeling healthy bone 5.2 Finite element modeling of pathologic bone 5.3 Finite element method improvement and validation studies 5.4 Finite element modeling of bone remodeling 5.5 Concluding remarks References 6 Bone remodeling: analysis, discussion, and perspectives Abbreviations 6.1 Analysis and discussion of the current state 6.2 Toward a bone diseases modeling via bone remodeling 6.2.1 Mathematical models treating bone diseases 6.2.2 Toward a bone diseases treatments modeling 6.2.2.1 Osteoporosis 6.2.2.2 Paget’s disease 6.2.2.3 Osteogenesis imperfecta 6.2.2.4 Cancer-associated bone diseases 6.2.2.4.1 Treatment for metastatic breast cancer 6.2.2.4.2 Treatment for metastatic prostate cancer 6.2.2.4.3 Treatment for multiple myeloma 6.3 Conclusion remarks References Conclusion Index Back Cover