Practical Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Description

With rapid development of ultrasound technology, its clinical application is expanding and deepening. This book is focused on practical application of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. Besides ultrasound diagnosis, the new progress of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology, such as interventional ultrasound, 3D ultrasound, and endoscopic ultrasonography, is also discussed. Typical images selected from abundant cases are provided with concise and refining key points. It serves as a valuable reference for sonologists, radiologists and gynaecologists for accurate diagnosis. Preface Contents Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Vice-Editor-in-Chief Members of the Board Translators 1: Clinical Basis of Diagnosis Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1.1 Physics and Technology of Diagnostic Ultrasound 1.1.1 Basic Physics of Ultrasonic Wave 1.1.1.1 Frequency of the Ultrasonic Wave 1.1.1.2 The Relation between Wavelength and Frequency 1.1.1.3 Acoustic Velocity 1.1.1.4 Acoustic Intensity 1.1.2 Physical Basis of Ultrasonic Imaging 1.1.2.1 Acoustic Impedance and Ultrasonic Imaging 1.1.2.2 Attenuation of Ultrasonic Energy in the Body 1.1.3 Ultrasonography Technology 1.1.3.1 B-mode Ultrasound Transabdominal Ultrasonography Transvaginal Ultrasonography 1.1.3.2 M-Mode Ultrasound Imaging 1.1.3.3 Doppler Ultrasound Color Doppler Velocity (CDV) Color Doppler Energy (CDE) Spectral Doppler Hemodynamics General Parameters and Measurement Hemodynamic Parameters 1.1.3.4 3D Ultrasound Imaging 1.2 Ultrasonic Anatomy and Physiology of Female Pelvic Cavity 1.2.1 Anatomy and Ultrasonic Imaging of Pelvic Cavity 1.2.1.1 Pelvic Structures 1.2.1.2 Female Internal Genitalia The Vagina Uterus (UT) Oviduct Ovary Anatomy of Ovary Ovarian Physiology Sonogram of the Ovary Adjacent Organs 1.2.2 Blood Vessels and Color Doppler Sonography of Female Pelvic Cavity 1.2.2.1 Doppler Characteristics of the Internal Iliac Artery and Vein 1.2.2.2 Color Blood Flow Imaging of Uterine Artery 1.2.2.3 Doppler Ultrasound Characteristics of Uterine Artery 1.2.2.4 Doppler Ultrasound Characteristics of Ovarian Arteries 1.3 Ultrasonic Examination and Scanning Method in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1.3.1 Transabdominal Scanning 1.3.2 Transvaginal Scanning 1.3.2.1 Preparation before Examination 1.3.2.2 Scanning Method 1.3.2.3 Contraindications of TVS 1.3.3 Transrectal Scanning 1.3.4 Transperineal Scanning 1.3.5 Transcavitary Scanning 1.3.6 Key Points of Ultrasound Examination in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1.4 Reading and Writing of Sonogram in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1.4.1 Reading Methods of the Sonogram 1.4.1.1 Reading Method of TAS Sonogram The Sagittal Plane (SP) The Transverse Plane (TP) 1.4.1.2 Reading Methods of TVS Pelvic Sonogram The Sagittal View The Transverse Section 1.4.1.3 Orientation Recognition of Fetal Sonogram 1.4.2 Writing Methods and Requirements of an Ultrasonic Report in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1.4.2.1 The General Items 1.4.2.2 Examination Findings 1.4.2.3 The Diagnosis Opinions 1.5 Notices for Ultrasound Examination in Obstetrics and Gynecology Suggested Reading 2: Application of Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Perinatal Period 2.1 Changes of the Uterus During Pregnancy 2.1.1 The Uterus 2.1.1.1 The Volume and Size 2.1.1.2 The Thickness of the Myometrium 2.1.1.3 The Morphology and Blood Flow of Uterine Arteries 2.1.2 Isthmus Uteri 2.1.3 Cervix 2.2 Embryonic and Fetal Developmental Characteristics 2.3 Diagnostic Ultrasound of Normal Pregnancy 2.3.1 Basic Concepts 2.3.2 Ultrasound Diagnosis 2.3.2.1 First Trimester 2.3.2.2 The Second- and Third-Trimester Pregnancy Ultrasound Images of the Fetal Head Ultrasound Image of the Fetal Face Images of the Fetal Spine Ultrasound Images of Fetal Thorax Images of the Fetal Abdomen Images of Fetal Genitourinary Tract Images of Fetal Limbs and Fetal Movements 2.3.2.3 Fetal Appurtenances Placenta Amniotic Fluid Umbilical Cord 2.3.2.4 Special Tips 2.3.2.5 Ultrasonic Bio-Parameter Evaluation of Fetal Development in the Second and Third Trimesters Estimation of Gestational Age by Ultrasound Estimation of Fetal Weight Special Tips 2.3.2.6 Clinical Significance of Fetal Umbilical Artery Blood Flow Doppler Basic Concepts Normal Spectral Doppler of Fetal Umbilical Artery Abnormal Spectral Doppler of Fetal Umbilical Artery Typical Cases 2.4 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormality 2.4.1 Normal Multiple Pregnancy 2.4.1.1 Basic Concepts 2.4.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.4.1.3 Special Notice 2.4.2 Macrosomia 2.4.2.1 Basic Concepts 2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.4.3 Fetal Intrauterine Growth Retardation 2.4.3.1 Basic Concepts 2.4.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.4.3.3 Special Notice 2.4.4 Intrauterine Fetal Demise 2.4.4.1 Basic Concepts 2.4.4.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.5 Ultrasonographic Images of Common Fetal Congenital Anomalies 2.5.1 Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Neural System 2.5.1.1 Basic Concepts 2.5.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Anencephaly and Exencephaly Hydrocephalus Encephalocele and Meningocele Spine Bifida and Meningomyelocele Microcephaly Other Rare Malformations of the Nervous System 2.5.1.3 Special Tips 2.5.2 Gastrointestinal Abnormalities of the Fetus 2.5.2.1 Basic Concepts 2.5.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Esophageal Atresia Duodenal Stenosis or Atresia Jejunoileal Stenosis or Atresia Colon Stenosis or Atresia Other Rare Fetal Intestinal Abnormalities Space Occupying Lesions of Liver 2.5.2.3 Special Tips 2.5.3 Fetal Gastroschisis (Anterior Abdominal Wall Defect) 2.5.3.1 Basic Concept 2.5.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Omphalocele Gastroschisis 2.5.3.3 Special Tips 2.5.4 Urogenital System Abnormalities of Fetus 2.5.4.1 Basic Concepts 2.5.4.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Renal Absence Polycystic Kidney 2.5.4.3 Special Tips 2.5.5 Fetal Skeletal and Limb Abnormalities 2.5.5.1 Basic Concepts 2.5.5.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Achondroplasia Thanatophoric Dysplasia Partial Deformity of Fetal Limbs, Hands, and Feet Fetal Limb Tumors 2.5.5.3 Special Tips 2.5.6 Complex Twin Pregnancy 2.5.6.1 Basic Concept 2.5.6.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Conjoined Twins Deformity in One of the Twins 2.5.7 Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndromes 2.5.7.1 Basic Concept 2.5.7.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.5.7.3 Special Tips 2.5.8 Facial Anomalies 2.5.8.1 Basic Concept 2.5.8.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Cleft Lip and Palate External Nasal Abnormalities Ear Anomalies Eye Abnormality Micrognathia 2.5.8.3 Special Tips 2.5.9 Chest Abnormality 2.5.9.1 Basic Concepts 2.5.9.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Pulmonary Hypoplasia Extralobar Sequestration (ELS) Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) Diaphragmatic Hernia Pleural Effusion and Ascites 2.5.9.3 Special Tips 2.5.10 Other Congenital Malformations (Cystic Hygroma, Sacrococcygeal Teratoma, Amniotic Band Syndrome, Pelvic Cysts) 2.5.10.1 Basic Concepts 2.5.10.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Cystic Hygroma Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Amniotic Band Syndrome Pelvic Cysts 2.5.10.3 Special Tips 2.6 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Abnormal Fetal Appendages 2.6.1 Placenta Previa 2.6.1.1 Basic Concepts Placenta Previa Vasa Previa Pernicious Placenta Previa 2.6.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.6.1.3 Special Tip 2.6.2 Placenta Accreta 2.6.2.1 Basic Concepts 2.6.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.6.2.3 Special Tips 2.6.2.4 Typical Cases 2.6.3 Placental Abruption 2.6.3.1 Basic Concepts 2.6.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.6.3.3 Special Tips 2.6.4 Placental Tumor 2.6.4.1 Basic Concepts Placenta Hemangioma Placenta Teratoma 2.6.4.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Placenta Hemangioma Placenta Teratoma 2.6.4.3 Special Tips 2.6.5 Umbilical Cord Abnormality 2.6.5.1 Basic Concepts Umbilical Cord Coiling Umbilical Cord Twist Single Umbilical Artery Umbilical Cord Cyst The Umbilical Cord Insertion into the Placenta 2.6.5.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis Umbilical Cord Coiling Umbilical Cord Twist Single Umbilical Artery Umbilical Cord Cyst Abnormal Umbilical Cord Insertion into the Placenta 2.6.5.3 Special Tips 2.6.6 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios 2.6.6.1 Basic Concepts Polyhydramnios Oligohydramnios 2.6.6.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.6.6.3 Special Tips 2.7 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency in Pregnancy 2.7.1 Basic Concepts 2.7.1.1 Transabdominal Ultrasound 2.7.1.2 Transvaginal Ultrasound 2.7.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.7.3 Special Tip 2.8 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Abnormal Puerperium 2.8.1 Basic Concepts 2.8.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 2.8.2.1 Acute Endometritis 2.8.2.2 Acute Pelvic Parametritis and Abscess 2.8.2.3 Gestational Residual Pregnancy Tissue 2.8.2.4 Postpartum Placenta Implantation 2.8.2.5 Abnormal Uterine Incision after Cesarean Section 2.8.2.6 Abdominal Wall Hematoma and Pelvic Hematoma 2.8.2.7 Foreign Body of the Abdominal Cavity 2.8.3 Ultrasound Findings 2.9 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Brain Diseases in the Neonate 2.9.1 Anatomy of the Brain 2.9.1.1 The Skull 2.9.1.2 Meninges 2.9.1.3 The Brain 2.9.1.4 Ventricles 2.9.1.5 Blood Vessels of the Brain 2.9.2 Neonatal Brain Examination 2.9.2.1 Examination Conditions of Neonatal Brain 2.9.2.2 Examination Method of Neonatal Brain Scanning Method of the Anterior Fontanelle Scanning Method of Temporal Fontanelle 2.9.3 Ultrasonogram of Normal Neonatal Brain 2.9.3.1 2-D Manifestations of Neonatal Brain Tissue 2.9.3.2 Ultrasonic Measurement of Neonatal Brain 2.9.3.3 Examination Technique of Neonatal Brain Coronal View Sagittal View 2.9.3.4 Color Doppler Ultrasound of the Neonatal Brain Scanning through the Anterior Fontanelle Scanning through the Temporal Fontanelle 2.9.4 Abnormal Neonatal Brain Sonography 2.9.4.1 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Basic Concepts Ultrasound Diagnosis Ultrasonic Classification Special Tips 2.9.4.2 Intracranial Hemorrhage Basic Concepts Ultrasonic Diagnosis Special Tips 2.9.4.3 Periventricular Leukomalacia Basic Concepts Ultrasonic Diagnosis Special Tips 2.9.4.4 Neonatal Hydrocephalus Basic Concepts Ultrasonic Diagnosis Special Tips Suggested Reading 3: Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Pathological Obstetrics 3.1 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Early Abortion 3.1.1 Basic Concepts 3.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 3.1.3 Special Tips 3.1.4 Typical Cases 3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy 3.2.1 Basic Concepts 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 3.2.3 Special Tips 3.3 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 3.3.1 Basic Concepts 3.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis 3.3.2.1 Hydatidiform Mole (HM) 3.3.2.2 Invasive Hydatidiform Mole and Choriocarcinoma 3.3.3 Special Tips Suggested Reading 4: Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Fetal Heart 4.1 Characteristics of Cardiovascular Development and Blood Circulation in Normal Fetus 4.1.1 Fetal Cardiovascular Development 4.1.2 Characteristics of Fetal Circulation 4.2 Echocardiographic Scanning of Fetal Heart 4.2.1 Indications for Fetal Echocardiography 4.2.2 Fetal Echocardiography 4.2.3 Normal Fetal Echocardiography 4.2.4 Abnormal Fetal Echocardiography 4.3 Echocardiography of Fetal Arrhythmia Suggested Reading 5: Application of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Gynecology 5.1 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Uterine Leiomyomas 5.2 Sonographic Features of Adenomyosis 5.3 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma 5.4 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Benign Endometrial Lesion 5.5 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Cervical Lesions 5.6 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Uterine Sarcoma 5.7 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Abnormal Development of Female Reproductive Organs 5.8 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Ovarian Masses in Pelvic Cavity Suggested Reading 6: Ultrasonography in Female Infertility and Contraceptive Operation 6.1 Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Infertility 6.2 Ultrasound Diagnosis of Intrauterine Device 6.3 Ultrasound Diagnosis of Complications of Contraceptive Operation Suggested Reading 7: Interventional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 7.1 Overview of Interventional Ultrasound 7.2 Basic Conditions and Operational Methods of Interventional Ultrasonography 7.3 Application of Intervention Ultrasound in Obstetrics 7.4 Application of Interventional Ultrasonography in Gynecology Suggested Reading 8: Applications of 3D Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8.1 Introduction of 3D Ultrasound Modes 8.2 Application of 3D Ultrasound in Obstetrics 8.3 Application of 3D Ultrasound in Gynecology Suggested Reading 9: The Application of Endosonography 9.1 Ultrasound Combined with Hysteroscopy 9.2 Ultrasound Examination inside the Uterine Cavity 9.3 Laparoscopic Intraoperative Ultrasound Suggested Reading Chinese-English Glossary