Fundamentals of Neurology: An Illustrated Guide [Lingua inglese]

Description

The second edition of this practical guide provides a thorough introduction to the essential concepts of clinical neurology. Coverage includes history-taking; the neurological examination and ancillary tests; topical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of typical syndromes; the diseases of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, autonomic nervous system, and muscles; epilepsy; and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Central to the book are the lucid structuring of complex contents allowing efficient learning, even without prior knowledge of the subject; and the vital link between theory and clinical practice, with essential information on history-taking, the clinical examination, and additional tests, all supported by informative graphics and appropriate computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging studies. Key Features:Complete revision of contents and an enhanced layout from the first editionBrilliant format and structure, making the assimilation of complex information easy and efficientClear color illustrations and graphics, many new or revised for the second editionComprehensive tables expand and organize information on many topicsVast clinical experience of two highly respected university teachers Fundamentals of Neurology: An Illustrated Guide, Second Edition, is the ideal introduction to clinical neurology for medical students, physical therapists, and other professionals involved in patient care. Fundamentals of Neurology: An Illustrated Guide Title Page Copyright Dedication Contents Foreword Preface Translator’s Note 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Microscopic Anatomy of the Nervous System 1.1.1 Neurons 1.1.2 Neuroglia 1.1.3 Myelin Sheaths 1.1.4 Synapses 1.2 Elements of Neurophysiology 1.2.1 Ion Channels 1.2.2 Resting Potential 1.2.3 Action Potential 1.2.4 Impulse Conduction 1.3 Elements of Neurogenetics 1.3.1 General Genetics 1.3.2 Neurogenetics 1.3.3 Genetic Counseling 2 The Clinical Interview in Neurology 2.1 General Principles of History-Taking 2.1.1 General Prerequisites for Good History-Taking 2.1.2 General Principles of the Clinical Interview 2.1.3 Your Demeanor toward the Patient 2.1.4 The History and Physical Examination 2.2 Special Aspects of History-Taking 2.2.1 The Present Illness 2.2.2 Past Medical History, Family History, and Social History 3 The Neurologic Examination 3.1 Basic Principles of the Neurologic Examination 3.2 Stance and Gait 3.2.1 General Remarks 3.2.2 Special Stance and Gait Tests 3.3 Head and Cranial Nerves 3.3.1 Head and Cervical Spine 3.3.2 Cranial Nerves 3.4 Upper Limbs 3.4.1 General Aspects 3.4.2 Motor Function and Coordination 3.4.3 Muscle Tone and Strength 3.4.4 Reflexes 3.4.5 Sensation 3.5 Trunk 3.5.1 Back and Spine 3.5.2 Reflexes 3.5.3 Sensation 3.6 Lower Limbs 3.6.1 General Aspects 3.6.2 Coordination and Strength 3.6.3 Reflexes 3.6.4 Sensation 3.7 Autonomic Nervous System 3.8 Neurologically Relevant Aspects of the General Physical Examination 3.9 neuropsychological and Psychiatric Examination 3.9.1 Psychopathologic Findings 3.9.2 neuropsychological Examination 4 Ancillary Tests in Neurology 4.1 Fundamentals 4.2 Imaging Studies 4.2.1 Conventional Skeletal Radiographs 4.2.2 Computed Tomography 4.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4.2.4 Angiography with Radiologic Contrast Media (Digital Subtraction Angiography) 4.2.5 Myelography and Radiculography 4.2.6 Diagnostic Techniques of Nuclear Medicine 4.3 Electrophysiologic Studies 4.3.1 Fundamentals 4.3.2 Electroencephalography 4.3.3 Evoked Potentials 4.3.4 Electromyography 4.3.5 Electroneurography 4.3.6 Other Electrophysiologic Studies 4.4 Ultrasonography (Neurosonography) 4.5 Other Ancillary Studies 4.5.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies 4.5.2 Tissue Biopsies 4.5.3 Perimetry 5 Topical Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Neurologic Syndromes 5.1 Fundamentals 5.2 MuscleWeakness and Other Motor Disturbances 5.2.1 Anatomic Substrate of Motor Function 5.2.2 Motor Regulatory Systems 5.3 Sensory Disturbances 5.3.1 Anatomic Substrate of Sensation 5.3.2 The Peripheral Part of the Somatosensory System 5.3.3 The Central Part of the Somatosensory System 5.4 Disturbances of Consciousness 5.4.1 Somnolence, Stupor, and Coma: Severity and Causes 5.4.2 The Differential Diagnosis of Coma 5.5 Dysfunction of Specific Areas of the Brain 5.5.1 Syndromes of the Individual Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres 5.5.2 Syndromes of the Extrapyramidal Motor System 5.5.3 Thalamic Syndromes 5.5.4 The Limbic System 5.5.5 Brainstem Syndromes 5.5.6 Cerebellar Syndromes 6 Diseases of the Brain and Meninges 6.1 Congenital and Perinatally Acquired Diseases of the Brain 6.1.1 Fundamentals 6.1.2 Cerebral Movement Disorders 6.1.3 Hydrocephalus 6.1.4 Microcephaly 6.1.5 Dysraphic Malformations 6.1.6 Heterotopia 6.1.7 Ulegyria 6.1.8 Phakomatoses 6.1.9 Brain Infections Acquired in Utero 6.1.10 Other Embryopathies 6.1.11 Malformations of the Skull and Craniocervical Junction 6.1.12 Mental Disorders 6.2 Traumatic Brain Injury 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Clinical History and Neurologic Examination 6.2.3 Assessment of Severity; Imaging Studies 6.2.4 Pathophysiology and Clinical Features 6.2.5 Traumatic Hematomas 6.2.6 The Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury 6.2.7 Complications 6.2.8 Prognosis 6.3 Intracranial Pressure 6.3.1 Definition, Etiology, and Pathogenesis 6.3.2 Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation 6.3.3 Complication: Herniation 6.3.4 Treatment 6.4 Brain Tumors 6.4.1 Overview 6.4.2 Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma 6.4.3 Ependymoma 6.4.4 Medulloblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors 6.4.5 Oligodendroglioma 6.4.6 Meningioma 6.4.7 Lymphoma 6.4.8 Pituitary Tumors 6.4.9 Malformations and Hamartomatous Tumors 6.4.10 Neurinomas 6.4.11 Brain Metastases 6.5 Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemic Stroke 6.5.1 Overview 6.5.2 Anatomy and Pathophysiology 6.5.3 The Classification of Cerebral Ischemia by Severity 6.5.4 Etiology, Risk Factors, and Primary Prophylaxis 6.5.5 The Dynamic Time Course of Cerebral Ischemia 6.5.6 Infarct Types 6.5.7 Clinical Stroke Syndromes 6.5.8 Diagnostic Evaluation 6.5.9 Treatment of Ischemic Stroke 6.5.10 Special Types of Cerebral Ischemia 6.6 Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage 6.6.1 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 6.6.2 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 6.7 Infectious Diseases of the Brain and Meninges 6.7.1 Overview 6.7.2 Acute Bacterial Meningitis 6.7.3 Acute Viral Meningitis: Aseptic or Lymphocytic Meningitis 6.7.4 Chronic Meningitis 6.7.5 Bacterial (Meningo)encephalitis: Spirochetal Infections 6.7.6 Viral Encephalitis 6.7.7 Fungal Encephalitis 6.7.8 Parasitic and Protozoal Encephalitis 6.7.9 Encephalitis in Prion Diseases: Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease 6.7.10 Slow Virus Diseases 6.7.11 Intracranial Abscesses 6.8 Metabolic Disorders and Systemic Diseases Affecting the Nervous System 6.8.1 Congenital Metabolic Disorders 6.8.2 Intoxications and Alcohol-Induced Disturbances of the Nervous System 6.8.3 Endocrine Diseases 6.8.4 Gastrointestinal Diseases 6.8.5 Hematologic Diseases 6.8.6 Collagen Diseases and Immune Diseases 6.8.7 Paraneoplastic Syndromes 6.8.8 Limbic Encephalitis 6.8.9 Renal Failure and Electrolyte Disturbances 6.9 Parkinson Disease and Other Hypertonic–Hypokinetic Syndromes 6.9.1 Overview 6.9.2 Parkinson Disease (Idiopathic Parkinson Syndrome) 6.9.3 Symptomatic Parkinsonian Syndromes 6.9.4 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 6.9.5 Multisystem Atrophy 6.9.6 Corticobasal Degeneration 6.9.7 Lewy Body Dementia 6.10 Chorea, Athetosis, Ballism, Dystonia: Hyperkinetic Syndromes 6.10.1 HuntingtonChorea 6.10.2 Chorea Minor (Sydenham Chorea) 6.10.3 Athetosis 6.10.4 Ballism 6.10.5 Dystonic Syndromes 6.10.6 Essential Tremor and Other Types of Tremor 6.11 Cerebellar Diseases and Other Conditions Causing Ataxia 6.11.1 Overview 6.11.2 Selected Types of Ataxia 6.12 Dementia 6.12.1 Overview: The Dementia Syndrome 6.12.2 Alzheimer Disease (Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type) 6.12.3 Treatment and Prognosis 6.12.4 Dementia with Lewy Bodies 6.12.5 Frontotemporal Dementia (PickDisease) 6.12.6 Vascular Dementia: SAE-Associated Dementia and Multi-Infarct Dementia 6.12.7 Dementia due to Malresorptive Hydrocephalus 7 Diseases of the Spinal Cord 7.1 Overview 7.1.1 Anatomy 7.1.2 The Main Spinal Cord Syndromes and Their Anatomic Localization 7.1.3 Further Diagnostic Evaluation of Spinal Cord Lesions 7.2 Spinal Cord Trauma 7.3 Slowly Progressive Spinal Cord Compression 7.3.1 Spinal Cord Tumors 7.3.2 Myelopathy due to Cervical Spondylosis 7.3.3 Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia 7.4 Spinal Cord Ischemia and Hemorrhage 7.4.1 Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord 7.4.2 Arterial Hypoperfusion 7.4.3 Impaired Venous Drainage 7.4.4 Hemorrhage in or adjacent to the Spinal Cord 7.5 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Spinal Cord 7.5.1 Myelitis 7.5.2 Spinal Abscesses 7.6 Diseases Mainly Affecting the Long Tracts of the Spinal Cord 7.6.1 Overview 7.6.2 Friedreich Ataxia 7.6.3 Familial Spastic Spinal Paralysis 7.6.4 Funicular Myelosis 7.7 Diseases of the Anterior Horns 7.7.1 Overview 7.7.2 Spinal Muscular Atrophies 7.7.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System 8.1 Fundamentals 8.2 Multiple Sclerosis 8.3 Other Autoimmune Diseases of the CNS 8.3.1 Neuromyelitis Optica 8.3.2 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 8.3.3 Behçet Disease 8.3.4 Subacute Myelo-Optic Neuropathy 8.3.5 Other Autoimmune Diseases 9 Epilepsy and Its Differential Diagnosis 9.1 Fundamentals 9.1.1 Classification of the Epilepsies 9.1.2 Practical Clinical Management of a Suspected Epileptic Seizure 9.2 Generalized Seizures 9.2.1 Tonic–Clonic Seizures (Earlier Term: “Grand Mal Epilepsy”) 9.2.2 Absences (Earlier Term: “Petit Mal Epilepsy”) 9.2.3 Atypical Absences and Other Types of Epilepsy in Childhood 9.3 Focal (Partial) Seizures 9.3.1 Focal Seizures without Altered Consciousness 9.3.2 Focal Seizures with Altered Consciousness (Earlier Term, “Complex Partial Seizures;” Current Term, “Dyscognitive Seizures”) 9.4 Status Epilepticus 9.5 Episodic Neurologic Disturbances of Nonepileptic Origin 9.5.1 Nonepileptic Psychogenic Seizures 9.5.2 Episodic Disturbances with Brief Impairment of Consciousness and Falling 9.5.3 Episodic Falling without Impairment of Consciousness 9.5.4 Episodic Impairment of Consciousness without Falling 9.5.5 Episodic Movement Disorders without Impairment of Consciousness 9.5.6 Episodic Impairment of Memory and Confusion 10 Sleep and Its Abnormalities 10.1 Shortened Sleep Duration and Abnormal Sleep–Wake Rhythm 10.2 Insomnia 10.2.1 General Principles 10.2.2 Restless Legs Syndrome 10.3 Hypersomnia and Excessive Daytime Somnolence 10.3.1 Sleep Apnea Syndrome 10.3.2 Narcolepsy–Cataplexy Syndrome 10.3.3 Kleine–Levin–Critchley Syndrome 10.3.4 Other Causes of Daytime Fatigue and Somnolence 10.4 Abnormal Movements in Sleep (Parasomnias) 11 Polyradiculopathy and Polyneuropathy 11.1 Fundamentals 11.2 Polyradiculitis 11.2.1 Guillain–Barré Syndrome 11.2.2 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating (Recurrent) Polyneuropathy 11.2.3 Cranial Polyradiculitis 11.2.4 Polyradiculitis of the Cauda Equina 11.3 Polyneuropathy 11.3.1 Particular Etiologic Types of Polyneuropathy 12 Diseases of the Cranial Nerves 12.1 Disturbances of Smell (Olfactory Nerve) 12.2 Neurologic Disturbances of Vision (Optic Nerve) 12.2.1 Visual Field Defects 12.2.2 Impairment of Visual Acuity 12.3 Disturbances of Ocular and Pupillary Motility 12.3.1 The General Principles of Eye Movements 12.3.2 Nystagmus 12.3.3 Supranuclear Oculomotor Disturbances 12.3.4 Lesions of the Nerves to the Eye Muscles and Their Brainstem Nuclei 12.3.5 Ptosis 12.3.6 Pupillary Disturbances 12.4 Lesions of the Trigeminal Nerve 12.5 Lesions of the Facial Nerve 12.5.1 Topical Classification of Facial Palsy 12.5.2 Etiologic Classification of Facial Palsy 12.6 Disturbances of Hearing and Balance: Vertigo 12.6.1 Neurologic Disturbances of Hearing 12.6.2 Disequilibrium and Vertigo 12.7 Lesions of the Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves 12.8 Lesions of the Accessory Nerve 12.9 Lesions of the Hypoglossal Nerve 12.10 Multiple Cranial Nerve Deficits 13 Diseases of the Spinal Nerve Roots and Peripheral Nerves 13.1 Radicular Syndromes 13.1.1 Overview 13.1.2 Radicular Syndromes due to Intervertebral Disk Herniation 13.1.3 Radicular Syndromes due to Spinal Stenosis 13.1.4 Radicular Syndromes due to Space-Occupying Lesions 13.2 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 13.2.1 Overview 13.2.2 Diseases of the Brachial Plexus 13.2.3 Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves of the Upper Limbs 13.2.4 Diseases of the Nerves of the Trunk 13.2.5 Diseases of the Lumbosacral Plexus 13.2.6 Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves of the Lower Limbs 14 Painful Syndromes 14.1 Fundamentals 14.1.1 The Generation and Perception of Pain 14.1.2 General Aspects of the Clinical History in Patients with Pain 14.2 Painful Syndromes of the Head and Neck 14.2.1 IHS Classification of Headache 14.2.2 Approach to the Patient with Headache 14.2.3 The Main Types of Primary Headache 14.2.4 The Main Types of Secondary Headache 14.3 Painful Syndromes of the Face 14.3.1 Neuralgias 14.3.2 Pain in the Face Caused by Diseases of the Teeth and Jaws 14.3.3 Atypical Facial Pain 14.3.4 Further Types of Facial Pain 14.3.5 Differential Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain 14.4 Painful Shoulder–Arm Syndromes 14.4.1 Spondylogenic (Cervicogenic) Shoulder and Arm Pain 14.4.2 Degenerative and Rheumatic Shoulder and Arm Pain 14.4.3 Neurogenic Arm Pain 14.4.4 Vasogenic Arm Pain 14.4.5 Arm Pain of Overuse 14.4.6 Other Types of Arm Pain 14.5 Pain in the Trunk and Back 14.5.1 Thoracic and Abdominal Wall Pain 14.5.2 Back Pain 14.5.3 Groin Pain 14.6 Leg Pain 14.7 Pseudoradicular Pain 15 Diseases of Muscle (Myopathies) 15.1 Structure and Function of Muscle 15.1.1 Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle 15.1.2 Physiology of Muscle Contraction 15.1.3 Impulse Transmission at the Motor End Plate and Impulse Conduction in the Muscle Fiber 15.2 General Symptomatology 15.3 Muscular Dystrophies 15.3.1 Hereditary Muscular Dystrophies of X-chromosomal Inheritance— Dystrophinopathies 15.3.2 Hereditary Muscular Dystrophies of Autosomal Inheritance 15.3.3 Rarer Types of Muscular Dystrophy 15.4 Myotonic Syndromes and Periodic Paralysis Syndromes 15.4.1 Diseases Mainly Causing Myotonia 15.4.2 Diseases Causing Periodic Paralysis 15.5 Metabolic Myopathies 15.5.1 Acute Rhabdomyolysis 15.5.2 Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies 15.6 Myositis 15.6.1 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis 15.7 Other Diseases Affecting Muscle 15.7.1 Myopathies due to Systemic Disease 15.7.2 Congenital Myopathies 15.8 Disturbances of Neuromuscular Transmission—Myasthenic Syndromes 15.8.1 Myasthenia Gravis 15.8.2 Lambert–Eaton Syndrome 15.8.3 Rare Myasthenia-like Syndromes 16 Diseases of the Autonomic Nervous System 16.1 Anatomy 16.1.1 Sympathetic Nervous System 16.1.2 Parasympathetic Nervous System 16.2 Normal and Pathologic Function of the Autonomic Nervous System 16.2.1 Sweating 16.2.2 Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Function 16.2.3 The Cervical Sympathetic Pathway and Horner Syndrome 16.2.4 Generalized Autonomic Dysfunction Index