The grammar of Romanian

Description

Contents Detailed Contents and Author Attributions Preface Notes on Style and Format Abbreviations and Conventions The Contributors 1. Introduction Romanian - a brief presentation Where Romanian is spoken The genealogical definition of Romanian The time and place of the emergence of Romanian Linguistic contacts The periodization of Romanian History of writing in Romanian Dialectal, socio-professional, and stylistic variation The individuality of Romanian Phonological and orthographic features of romanian The phonological system Diphtongs Triphtongs Free stress Phonological orthography Pronunciation norms Punctuation Conclusions 2. The Verb Inflectional classes of verbs Five inflectional classes of verbs Irregular verbs Mood, tense, and aspect Verb morphology Values and uses of verbal moods The tense-aspect system Values and uses of verbal tenses The sequence of tenses Aspectual periphrases Syntactic and semantic classes of verbs Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs Experiencer verbs Verbs of motion Conclusions 3. The structure of root clauses The subject Characteristics The subject of non-finite forms (lexical vs controlled / covert) Non-realization and absence of the subject. Romanian as a pro-drop language The subject realized as a bare noun The doubly realized subject The prepositional subject Finite and non-finite clauses in subject position Raised subjects (subject-to-subject raising) Subject word order Objects The direct object The secondary object The indirect object The prepositional object Predicative complements The subjective predicative complement The objective predicative complement Constructions involving overall clausal structure Passive and impersonal constructions. By-phrases Reflexive constructions Reciprocal constructions The possessive dative structure. The possessive object Complex predicates Definition Complex predicates with obligatory subject control and obligatory clitic climbing Complex predicates with subject raising and agreement Complex predicate-like structures with subjunctive Conclusions 4. Non-finite Verb Forms and Non-finite Clauses General features Similarities with finite forms Differences from finite forms Ambiguous non-finite heads The status of subjunctive The infinitive Mixed marking, suffixal and analytic The verbal infinitive vs. the nominal infinitive The distribution and the internal structure of the non-finite infinitival clause Infinitive vs. perfect infinitive The replacement of the infinitive by the subjunctive The participle Grammatical marking: weak vs. strong participles The distribution and agreement of the participle A sole auxiliary in the compound past tense The relation of the participle to the classes of verbs. Ambiguities Verbal vs. adjectival participles Recategorizations: the substantivization and adverbialization of participles The supine The form The nominal supine vs. the verbal supine Syntactic patterns with the verbal and the nominal-verbal supine The competition between supine, infinitive, and subjunctive The gerund (present participle) Inflectional marking. The structure of the gerund form The verbal gerund vs. the adjectival gerund The relation between the verbal gerund and the finite form of the verb The distribution and functions of the gerund The ambiguity of the gerund The internal structure of the non-finite gerund clause The recategorization of gerund forms Conclusions 5. Nouns and Noun Phrases Noun morphology Three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter Countable and uncountable nouns Case forms Inflectional classes The inflection of compound nouns Semantic-grammatical classes of nouns Proper names vs. common nouns Mass nouns Abstract nouns Collective nouns Relational nouns Deverbal and deadjectival nouns Picture nouns The structure of the nominal phrase Determiners Quantifiers Means of encoding nominal phrase internal possession The arguments of the noun Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers Appositions and classifiers Nominal ellipsis and the pronoinalization of determiners Conclusions 6. Pronouns Personal pronouns The paradigm Morphological cases Strong vs. clitic forms Clitic clusters Clitic doubling Pronominal doubling Extensions of pronominal heads Reference: deictic, anaphoric, expletive Reflexive pronouns 'Politeness' pronouns The paradigm 'Politeness' pronouns as social deictics Pronominal intensifiers (emphatic pronouns) Reciprocal pronouns Conclusions 7. Adjectives and adjectival phrases Characteristics Four inflectional classes of adjectives The internal make-up of adjectives Levels of intensity and degree markers Three semantic classes of adjectives Qualifying adjectives Relative adjectives Reference-modifying adjectives The structure of the adjectival phrase (AP) Modifiers Complements Adjuncts The syntactic positions of APs The adjective as a modifier The adjective as a predicative complement The adjective as an adjunct Nominal ellipsis and the substantivization of adjectives Conclusions 8. Adverbs and adverbial phrases The form of the adverbs Simple forms Suffixed forms Compound forms Adverbs homophonous with words in other classes Fixed collocations and adverbial expressions Non-lexical adverbial formatives Adverbial grading Semantic classes of adverbs The structure of the adverbial phrase (AdvP) AdvP-internal modifiers Complements of the adverbial head The adjuncts of the adverb The external syntax of the adverbial phrase Adverbs subcategorized by the verbal head Clausal modal adverbs Wh-adverbs Adverbs as complements of prepositions and as NP modifiers Focusing adverbs The order of adverbs in the sentence Adverbial clitics Manner adverbs Setting adverbs Conclusions 9. Prepositions and prepositional phrases Simple, compound, and collocated prepositions Lexical vs. functional prepositions. Subcategorized prepositions Lexical prepositions Functional prepositions Subcategorized prepositions Prepositional Phrases The structure of prepositional phrases Restrictions imposed by the preposition to its noun complement Other constituents within the PP Parallel forms: with and without an article-like end Conclusions 10. The Structure of complex clauses. Subordination Argument clauses Complementizers Argument clauses Conjunctions and clausal adjuncts Clausal adjuncts Specific and non-specific subordinating conjunctions Subordinators, prepositions, and focusing particles Clausal adjuncts with covert subordinators Special patterns Adjuncts with constituent deletion Clausal adjuncts and connective adjuncts Clausal adjuncts word order Relative clauses (relative arguments and relative adjuncts) Syntactic types of relative constructions Indirect interrogative constructions Relative infinitival constructions Pseudo-cleft constructions The inventory of wh-words Features of wh-movement in Romanian. Pied-piping Secondary predication General properties Syntactic and semantic types of SPs Main predicates which accept SPs Types of constituents occurring as SPs Comparative constructions Comparatives of inequality and equality Other comparative structures Conclusions 11. Coordination Semantic (and logical) types of coordination Conjunctive coordination Disjunctive coordination Adversative coordination Conclusive coordination Restriction on the conjuncts The structure of the coordinated phrase Number of conjuncts Juxtaposition Asymmetry between conjuncts Co-occurrence of coordinators Ambiguous readings Coordination and ellipsis Conclusions 12. Agreement DP-internal agreement Subject-predicate agreement Proper names Inclusive words 'Politeness' pronouns Partitive DPs Measure DPs Qualitative DPs Agreement in copular sentences Agreement with coordinated DPs Predicative agreement Adjectival agreement Anaphoric agreement Conclusions 13. Sentence organization and discourse structure Sentence types Declarative sentences Interrogative sentences Imperative sentences Exclamative sentences and exclamations Reported speech Specific features Direct speech Indirect speech Changes related to the conversion of direct speech into indirect speech Intermediate structures between direct speech and indirect speech Negation Negative words Sentential negation Constituent negation Multiple negation and negative concord The negative pro-sentence Covert negation False negation Information structure Word order Topicalizing devices Contrastive topic constructions Rhematization/foregrounding by pseudo-cleft structures Focalization Modality and evidentiality Verbal moods Modal verbs Modal adverbials Other modal markers 'Harmonic' and 'disharmonic' combinations Evidential markers Anaphora Anaphorics Syntactically controlled anaphora and discourse anaphora Referential anaphora and semantic anaphora Anaphorics on the grammaticalization cline Vocative phrases and address Syntactic particularities of the vocative case Pragmatic-semantic relations between vocative and other sentence constituents The expressive function of the vocative Forms of address Conclusions 14. Derivational morphology Suffixation. Types of suffixes and derivatives Verb formation Noun formation Adjective formation Adverb formation Semantic relations between suffixes or derivatives Prefixation Parasynthetic derivation Back-formation Conclusions 15. Inflectional and derivational morphophonological alternations Inflectional alternations Inventory Characteristics of alternations Derivational alternations Conclusions 16. Compounding Types of compounds Syntactic compounds Compound lexemes Syntactic patterns of compounding in contemporary Romanian Noun output compounds Adjective output compounds Compound lexemes patterns Neo-classical compounds Conclusions Sources References Index