Sonography Scanning: Principles and Protocols

Description

Commonly referred to as the "sonography bible" by many of its past and current users, Betty Tempkin’s Sonography Scanning, 4th Edition is the go-to guide for producing diagnostic sonograms for physicians. Featuring an updated two-color design, this new edition covers the latest ultrasound scanning principles along with step-by-step instructions for scanning and documenting images. The text also incorporates clinical skills, professionalism, image labeling, image techniques, case presentations, handling of ultrasound equipment, and the universal method for scanning and documenting pathologies. The scanning protocols follow AIUM guidelines and provide information on patient prep, transducers, breathing techniques, comprehensive surveys, and required images. Also included are the location of specific vessels or organs, anatomy and physiology, sonographic appearance, and normal variations. Key Features Scanning principles and step-by-step instructions on how to scan and document images help users establish standardization and image documentation for physician diagnostic interpretation. Scanning protocols that follow AIUM guidelines provides the essential information on patient prep, transducers, breathing techniques, comprehensive surveys, and required images. The location of specific vessels or organs, anatomy and physiology, sonographic appearance, and normal variations are also included. Sonographic ergonomics and proper use of equipment help sonographers avoid occupational injuries. Scanning protocol for pathology provides the criteria for evaluating and documenting abnormal sonographic findings, describing those findings within legal parameters, and relating those findings to the interpreting physician. Review questions at the end of each chapter give users the ability to self-review. Front Cover......Page 1 Sonography Scanning......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Editorial Review Board......Page 10 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Contents......Page 15 PART I - GENERAL PRINCIPLES......Page 33 How to Use This Text......Page 35 Professional Standards......Page 36 Clinical Standards......Page 38 Imaging Criteria......Page 40 Image Documentation Criteria......Page 41 Describing Sonographic Findings......Page 42 Scanning Planes Defined......Page 47 Scanning Planes Interpreted......Page 48 Scanning Methods......Page 53 PART II - PATHOLOGY......Page 61 Criteria for Evaluating Abnormal Findings/Pathology......Page 63 Criteria for Documenting Abnormal Findings/Pathology......Page 65 Criteria for Describing the Sonographic Appearance of Abnormal Findings/Pathology......Page 68 Required Images for Abnormal Findings/Pathology......Page 74 PART III - ABDOMINAL SCANNING PROTOCOLS......Page 81 Overview......Page 83 Preparation......Page 86 Abdominal Aorta Survey Steps......Page 87 Abdominal Aorta Required Images......Page 91 Required Images When the Abdominal Aorta is Part of Another Study......Page 98 Overview......Page 103 Preparation......Page 106 Inferior Vena Cava Survey Steps......Page 107 Inferior Vena Cava Required Images......Page 112 Required Images When the Inferior Vena Cava is Part of Another Study......Page 117 Chapter 6 - Liver Scanning Protocol......Page 125 Overview......Page 126 Preparation......Page 135 Liver Survey Steps......Page 136 Liver Required Images......Page 142 Required Images When the Liver is Part of Another Study......Page 148 Overview......Page 153 Preparation......Page 159 Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Survey Steps......Page 160 Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Required Images......Page 165 Required Images When the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract are Part of Another Study......Page 172 Overview......Page 179 Preparation......Page 187 Pancreas Survey Steps......Page 188 Pancreas Required Images......Page 194 Required Images When the Pancreas is Part of Another Study......Page 198 Overview......Page 203 Preparation......Page 208 Renal Survey Steps......Page 209 Kidneys Required Images......Page 217 Required Images When the Kidneys are Part of Another Study......Page 229 Overview......Page 235 Spleen Survey Steps......Page 239 Spleen Required Images......Page 242 Required Images When the Spleen is Part of Another Study......Page 245 PART IV - PELVIC SCANNING PROTOCOLS......Page 249 Chapter 11 - Female Pelvis Scanning Protocol......Page 251 Overview......Page 252 Preparation......Page 265 Vagina, Uterus, and Pelvic Cavity Survey Steps......Page 266 Ovaries Survey Steps......Page 270 Female Pelvis Required Images......Page 272 Overview......Page 287 Preparation......Page 288 Transvaginal Female Pelvis Survey......Page 291 Transvaginal Scanning Protocol for the Female Pelvis Required Images......Page 294 Chapter 13 - Obstetrical Scanning Protocol for First, Second, and Third Trimesters......Page 307 First Trimester......Page 308 Second and Third Trimesters......Page 314 Preparation......Page 330 Female Pelvis Survey......Page 331 First Trimester Survey......Page 335 Second and Third Trimester Survey (The Fetus)......Page 336 Required Images for Obstetrics......Page 338 The Biophysical Profile......Page 366 Required Images for a Biophysical Profile......Page 367 Chapter 14 - Male Pelvis Scanning Protocol for the Prostate Gland, Scrotum, and Penis......Page 375 Overview......Page 376 Preparation......Page 385 Prostate Gland Survey......Page 388 Scrotum Survey......Page 395 Scrotum Required Images......Page 401 Penis Survey......Page 424 Penis Required Images......Page 425 PART V - SMALL PARTS SCANNING PROTOCOLS......Page 431 Rotator Cuff Scanning Protocol Overview......Page 433 Rotator Cuff Survey and Required Images......Page 435 Carpal Tunnel Scanning Protocol Overview......Page 441 Carpal Tunnel Survey......Page 443 Carpal Tunnel Required Images......Page 445 Achilles Tendon Scanning Protocol Overview......Page 447 Achilles Tendon Survey......Page 448 Achilles Tendon Required Images......Page 449 Overview......Page 457 Thyroid Gland Survey Steps......Page 462 Thyroid Gland Required Images......Page 467 Clinical Reasoning......Page 477 Overview......Page 478 Preparation......Page 480 Required Images for Breast Lesion......Page 481 Whole Breast Required Images......Page 483 Chapter 18 - Neonatal Brain Scanning Protocol......Page 487 Overview......Page 488 Preparation......Page 491 Neonatal Brain Survey......Page 492 Neonatal Brain Required Images......Page 494 PART VI - VASCULAR SCANNING PROTOCOLS......Page 503 Chapter 19 - Abdominal Doppler and Color Flow Imaging......Page 505 Preparation......Page 515 Abdominal Venous Blood Flow Patterns and Duplex Protocols......Page 528 Gynecologic Studies......Page 530 Breast Sonography......Page 533 Scrotal Sonography......Page 534 Overview......Page 539 Preparation......Page 541 Cerebrovascular Duplex Survey......Page 542 Cerebrovascular Duplex Required Images......Page 551 Data Documentation......Page 558 Lower Extremity Arterial Duplex Ultrasonography Overview......Page 563 Preparation......Page 565 Lower Limb Arterial Duplex Required Images......Page 572 Data Documentation......Page 583 Classification of Disease Severity Based on Doppler Waveform Morphology......Page 585 Lower Extremity Peripheral Venous Duplex Sonography Overview......Page 588 Lower Extremity Venous Duplex Survey......Page 592 Lower Limb Venous Duplex Required Images......Page 596 Data Documentation......Page 602 PART VII - ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY......Page 607 Chapter 22 - Adult Echocardiography Scanning Protocol......Page 609 Overview......Page 610 Preparation......Page 614 Adult Heart Survey • 2D Examination......Page 616 Adult Heart Required Images......Page 622 M-Mode Evaluation......Page 628 Doppler Evaluation......Page 633 Preparation......Page 641 Pediatric Heart Survey......Page 643 Pediatric Heart Required Images......Page 648 Required M-Mode Images......Page 656 Abbreviation Glossary......Page 659 Chapter 5......Page 660 Chapter 13......Page 661 Chapter 21......Page 662 Chapter 23......Page 663 Part I: Guidelines for Equipment and Documentation......Page 664 Part II: Guidelines for the Abdomen and Retroperitoneum Ultrasound Examination......Page 665 Part I: Guidelines for Equipment and Documentation......Page 667 Part II: Guidelines for the Scrotal Ultrasound Examination......Page 668 Part I: Guidelines for Equipment and Documentation......Page 669 Part II: Guidelines for First Trimester Sonography......Page 670 Part I: Guidelines for Equipment and Documentation......Page 674 Part II: Guidelines for Performance of the Ultrasound Examination of the Female Pelvis......Page 675 Part I: Guidelines for Equipment and Documentation......Page 677 Part II: Ultrasound Examination of the Prostate and Surrounding Structures......Page 678 Index......Page 679 Tempkin......Page 703