Judging Faith, Punishing Sin: Inquisitions and Consistories in the Early Modern World

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Judging Faith, Punishing Sin breaks new ground by offering the first comparative treatment of Catholic inquisitions and Calvinist consistories, offering scholars a new framework for analysing religious reform and social discipline in the great Christian age of reformation. Global in scope, both institutions played critical roles in prosecuting deviance, implementing religious uniformity, and promoting moral discipline in the social upheaval of the Reformation. Rooted in local archives and addressing specific themes, the essays survey the state of scholarship and chart directions for future inquiry and, taken as a whole, demonstrate the unique convergence of penitential practice, legal innovation, church authority, and state power, and how these forces transformed Christianity. Bringing together leading scholars across four continents, this volume is an invaluable contribution to our understanding of religion in the early modern world. University students and scholars alike will appreciate its clear introduction to scholarly debates and cutting edge scholarship. Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Table of contents List of Maps List of Tables List of Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction Notes Part I Institutional Contexts and Operations Section A Local Contexts and Regional Variations 1 Consistories Notes 2 Inquisitions Notes Section B Tribunals and Jurisdictions 3 Consistories Personnel Jurisdiction Lay Prosecution Penalties Notes 4 Inquisitions Inquisition as a Legal Practice Jurisdiction Procedures Torture Penalties Notes 5 Consistories and Civil Authorities Notes 6 Episcopal Courts in Iberia, Italy, and Latin America Notes 7 Church Courts in England English Church Courts around 1500 The Impact of the Reformation The English Inquisition? Visitations Experiments in Congregational Discipline The Reformation of Penance Relations with the Secular Courts Courts, Clergy, and Communities in Jacobean England Crisis and Collapse The Church Courts in the Long Eighteenth Century Notes Section C Judges and Shepherds 8 Consistories Notes 9 Inquisitions Personnel Inquisitors - Spanish, Portuguese, Roman Re-envisioning Inquisitors Notes Section D Inquisition and Consistory Records 10 Consistories An Uncertain Record Registration Procedures and Distortions of Information The Narrative Dimension of the Records Notes 11 Inquisitions The Sources of Early Modern Inquisitions The Logic of the Inquisition The Stories of the Accused Conclusion Notes Part II Consistories and Inquisitions in Action Section E Programs of Moral and Religious Reform 12 Consistories The Grid of Ecclesiastical Space Moral Reformation through Charity Moral Reformation of the Church Moral Reformation of Society Conclusions Notes 13 Inquisitions Building Behavior, Introducing Suspicion into Consciences The Politics of Presence and Exemplarity Was Inquisitorial Action Efficacious? Notes Section F Victims as Actors 14 Consistories Notes 15 Inquisitions Notes Section G Negotiating Penance 16 Consistories Negotiating Consistories Negotiating Penance? Negotiating with Church Members Negotiating Communal Harmony Notes 17 Inquisitions Inquisitors’ Attempts at Instilling Fear and Repentance, and Community Resistance to Them Unorthodox and Negotiated Dealings with the Accused to Induce or Extort a Confession Negotiating Penance in the Audience Chamber Consultants, Votos, and Negotiating the Final Sentence Notes Section H Gender on Trial: Attitudes toward Femininity and Masculinity 18 Consistories Notes 19 Inquisitions Notes Part III Ecclesiastical Discipline’s Expanding Reach and Decline Section I Disciplinary Institutions in the Atlantic World 20 Consistories Dutch Brazil New Netherland Surinam Notes 21 Inquisitions Controlling the Empire: Indians, Lutherans, and New Christians Race, Gender, and the American Tribunals Section J Disciplinary Institutions in an Asian Environment 22 Consistories Consistorial Discipline in Batavia Observing and Supervising the Church Districts of Batavia Sins and Sinners Sins in a Colonial Social Context Catechism and Social Control Conclusions Notes 23 Inquisitions Notes Section K The Endgame: The Decline of Institutional Correction 24 Consistories Penance, Punishment, and Honor Public Penitence between Spiritual and Secular Discipline Spiritual Jurisdiction An Endgame? Suggestions for Further Research 25 Inquisitions Italian Inquisitions Crisis, Reform, and Reinvention of the Iberian Inquisitions Iberian Institutions Divided Against Themselves The End Game Survival of the Roman Inquisition Conclusion Notes Conclusion: Reformations of Penance and Scholarly Renascences of Disciplinary Institutions Protestant and Catholic Reformations of Penance ‘‘Renaissances’’ of Inquisitorial and Consistorial Studies Notes Bibliography General Works (Consulted in multiple chapters) Introduction Section A: Chapters 1 and 2 Section B: Chapters 3 through 7 Section C: Chapters 8 and 9 Section D: Chapters 10 and 11 Section E: Chapters 12 and 13 Section F: Chapters 14 and 15 Section G: Chapters 16 and 17 Section H: Chapters 18 and 19 Section I: Chapters 20 and 21 Section J: Chapters 22 and 23 Section K: Chapters 24 and 25 Conclusion Index