Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis 2023-2026: Diagnostic Imaging

Description

This open access book deals with imaging of the abdomen and pelvis, an area that has seen considerable advances over the past several years, driven by clinical as well as technological developments. The respective chapters, written by internationally respected experts in their fields, focus on imaging diagnosis and interventional therapies in abdominal and pelvic disease; they cover all relevant imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, and positron emission tomography. As such, the book offers a comprehensive review of the state of the art in imaging of the abdomen and pelvis.  IDKD books are extensively re-written every four years. As a result, they offer a comprehensive review of the state of the art in imaging. The book is clearly structured with learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers easily navigate through the text. As an IDKD book, it is particularly valuable for general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic knowledge, and for clinicians interested in imaging as it relates to their speciality.  Contents 1: Emergency Radiology of the Abdomen and Pelvis 1.1 Trauma Part 1.1.1 Role of Imaging to Assess Blunt Abdominal Polytrauma (BAT) Patients 1.1.1.1 Primary Survey 1.1.1.2 Secondary Survey Imaging of Common Abdominal Traumatic Injuries Intraperitoneal Fluid Organ Injuries Spleen Injuries Liver Injuries Urinary Tract Injuries Bowel and Mesenteric Injuries Diaphragmatic Injuries Pancreatic Injuries 1.2 Non-Traumatic Abdominal Pain 1.2.1 Modalities 1.2.2 Right Upper Quadrant 1.2.2.1 Acute Cholecystitis 1.2.2.2 Duodenal Ulcers 1.2.3 Left Upper Quadrant 1.2.3.1 Acute Pancreatitis 1.2.3.2 Gastritis 1.2.4 Right Lower Quadrant Pain 1.2.4.1 Acute Appendicitis 1.2.4.2 Cecal Inflammation 1.2.4.3 Terminal Ileitis 1.2.5 Left Lower Quadrant Pain 1.2.5.1 Sigmoid Diverticulitis 1.2.5.2 Epiploic Appendagitis 1.2.5.3 Pelvic Pain: Endometriosis 1.2.5.4 Ovarian Torsion 1.2.6 Diffuse Abdominal Pain 1.2.6.1 Small Bowel Obstruction 1.2.6.2 Colonic Obstruction 1.2.6.3 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia 1.2.7 Concluding Remarks References 2: Imaging Infectious Disease of the Abdomen (Including COVID-19) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Risk Factors for Infections 2.2.1 Barrier Disruption 2.2.2 Anatomic Obstruction 2.2.3 Vascular Compromise 2.2.4 Pre-existing Malignancy 2.2.5 Immunosuppression 2.2.6 Prior Radiation 2.2.7 Medical Devices 2.2.8 Surgery 2.3 Imaging in Abdominal Infections 2.3.1 Gastrointestinal Tract Infections 2.3.1.1 Clostridioides Difficile Colitis 2.3.1.2 Neutropenic Enterocolitis 2.3.1.3 Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis 2.3.1.4 Viral Enterocolitis 2.3.1.5 Fungal Infections 2.3.2 Hepatobiliary Infections 2.3.2.1 Liver Abscesses 2.3.2.2 Cholangitis 2.3.2.3 Viral Infections 2.3.2.4 Parasitic Infections 2.3.3 Genitourinary Tract Infections 2.3.3.1 Obstructive Uropathy 2.3.3.2 Renal and Urinary Bladder Infections 2.3.3.3 Prostatic Infections 2.3.4 Peritoneal and Abdominal Wall Infections 2.3.4.1 Peritoneal Devices 2.3.4.2 Intra-abdominal Abscesses 2.3.4.3 Abdominal Wall Infections 2.4 Conclusion References 3: Advances in Molecular Imaging and Therapy and Its Impact in Oncologic Imaging 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Introduction to Theranostics 3.2.1 Therapeutic Radionuclides 3.2.2 Unique Role of Dosimetry 3.2.3 Current Theranostic Agents and Agents in Development 3.2.4 Patient Selection for Internal Radiotherapy 3.3 Monitoring Disease 3.3.1 Response Based on Morphology 3.3.2 Response Based on Morphology for Immunotherapy 3.3.3 Response Based on FDG PET 3.4 Monitoring Liver Disease After SIRT 3.4.1 Monitoring SIRT with CT/MRI 3.4.2 Monitoring SIRT with PET 3.5 Monitoring Neuroendocrine Tumors 3.6 Monitoring Metastasized Prostate Cancer 3.6.1 Conventional Monitoring of Metastasized Prostate Cancer with CT and Bone Scans 3.6.2 Monitoring Metastasized Prostate Cancer with PET/CT 3.7 The Role of MRI and PET/MRI for Response Evaluation 3.8 Concluding Remarks References 4: Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 4.1 Benign Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 4.1.1 Inflammatory Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 4.1.1.1 Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 4.1.1.2 Infectious Colitis Pseudomembranous Colitis 4.1.1.3 Non-infectious Colitis Ischemic Colitis Drug-Induced Colitis Neutropenic Colitis Radiation Colitis and Proctitis Graft-Versus-Host Disease 4.1.2 Diverticular Disease and Diverticulitis 4.1.3 Benign Mucosal Colonic Polyp 4.2 Malignant Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 4.2.1 Rectal Cancer 4.2.1.1 Elective Rectal Cancer Staging 4.2.2 Colon Cancer 4.2.2.1 Elective Colon Cancer Staging 4.2.2.2 Colon Cancer Presenting as Acute Abdomen 4.2.3 Evaluation of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer 4.2.3.1 Technique 4.2.3.2 Re-staging to Plan Surgery 4.2.3.3 The Prognostic Value of Re-staging MR Imaging 4.2.3.4 Re-staging to Select Patients for Non-operative Management 4.3 Concluding Remarks References 5: Indeterminate Retroperitoneal Masses 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Retroperitoneal Space 5.3 Tissue Diagnosis 5.4 Adipocytic Tumors 5.5 Other Soft-Tissue Sarcomas 5.6 Neurogenic Tumors 5.7 Miscellaneous 5.8 Concluding Remarks References 6: Diffuse Liver Disease 6.1 Metabolic and Storage Diseases 6.1.1 Steatosis 6.1.2 Iron Overload 6.1.3 Wilson’s Disease 6.1.4 Amyloidosis 6.1.5 Gaucher Disease 6.2 Cirrhosis 6.2.1 Imaging of Pre-stages of Cirrhosis 6.2.2 Imaging of Cirrhosis 6.3 Focal Lesions in Cirrhotic Liver 6.3.1 Regenerative Nodules 6.3.2 Dysplastic Nodules 6.3.3 Malignant Lesions 6.3.4 Confluent Focal Fibrosis 6.3.5 Standardized Reporting with LI-RADS 6.4 Diffuse Vascular Liver Disease 6.4.1 Arteriovenous Shunts 6.4.2 Budd-Chiari Syndrome 6.4.3 Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome 6.4.4 Passive Hepatic Congestion and Fontan-Associated Liver Disease 6.4.5 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) 6.5 Diffuse Metastatic Disease 6.6 Concluding Remarks References 7: Focal Liver Lesions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 MDCT Imaging Techniques 7.3 MR Imaging Technique 7.4 Benign Hepatic Lesions 7.4.1 Cysts 7.4.2 Hemangioma 7.4.3 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) 7.4.4 Hepatocellular Adenoma 7.4.5 Biliary Hamartomas (von Meyenburg Complex) 7.4.6 Hepatic Abscess and Echinococcus 7.5 Malignant Primary Tumors 7.5.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 7.5.2 Fibrolamellar HCC 7.5.3 Cholangiocellular Carcinoma 7.6 Rare Primary Liver Tumors 7.6.1 Biliary Cystadenoma/Cystadenocarcinomas 7.6.2 Hepatic Angiosarcoma 7.6.3 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma 7.7 Hepatic Metastases 7.8 Differential Diagnosis of Focal Liver Lesions 7.9 Concluding Remarks References 8: Diseases of the Gallbladder and the Biliary Tree 8.1 Biliary Tract 8.1.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants 8.1.2 Congenital Biliary Anomalies 8.1.2.1 Choledochal Cysts and Anomalous Pancreatobiliary Ductal Junction 8.1.3 Pathologic Conditions 8.1.3.1 Choledocholithiasis 8.1.3.2 Cholangitis Suppurative Cholangitis Pyogenic Cholangitis Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis 8.1.3.3 IgG4 Cholangitis 8.1.3.4 Neoplasms of the Biliary System Benign Tumors of the Bile Ducts Hamartomas and adenomas Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasm and Intraductal Papillary Neoplasms of the Bile Ducts Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms Malignant Tumors of the Bile Ducts Cholangiocarcinoma Metastatic Disease 8.2 Gallbladder 8.2.1 Normal Anatomy 8.2.2 Congenital Variants and Anomalies 8.2.2.1 Agenesis of the Gallbladder 8.2.2.2 Duplication of the Gallbladder 8.2.2.3 Phrygian Cap of the Gallbladder 8.2.2.4 Diverticula of the Gallbladder, Multiseptate Gallbladder, and Ectopic Gallbladder 8.2.3 Pathologic Conditions 8.2.3.1 Gallstones 8.2.3.2 Acute Cholecystitis 8.2.3.3 Acalculous Cholecystitis 8.2.3.4 Chronic Cholecystitis 8.2.3.5 Hyperplastic Cholecystosis 8.2.3.6 Gallbladder Neoplasms 8.3 Conclusion References 9: Diseases of the Pancreas 9.1 Developmental Anomalies of the Pancreas 9.2 Pancreatic Neoplasms 9.2.1 Pancreatic Carcinoma 9.2.2 Other Tumors of Ductal Origin 9.3 Cystic Neoplasm 9.3.1 Serous Cystadenoma 9.3.2 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN) 9.3.3 Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) 9.4 Other Neoplasm 9.4.1 Neuroendocrine Tumors 9.4.1.1 Insulinoma 9.4.1.2 Gastrinoma 9.4.2 Other Rare Pancreatic Neoplasm 9.5 Inflammatory Diseases of the Pancreas 9.5.1 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis 9.5.2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis References 10: Adrenal Diseases 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Incidental Adrenal Mass: No Underlying Malignancy 10.2.1 Unenhanced CT 10.2.2 CT Contrast-Washout 10.2.3 Dual Energy CT 10.2.4 MRI 10.2.5 FDG PET/CT 10.2.6 Lesion Morphology 10.2.7 Adrenal Biopsy 10.2.8 Management 10.3 Evaluation of Adrenal Mass in Patient with Known Extra-Adrenal Malignancy 10.4 Evaluation of Patient with Suspected Adrenal Hyperfunction 10.4.1 Adrenal Cortical Hyperfunction 10.4.2 Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction 10.5 Future Directions 10.6 Concluding Remarks References 11: Benign and Malignant Renal Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Modalities for Imaging Renal Masses 11.2.1 Ultrasound (US) and Contrast-Enhanced US (CEUS) 11.2.2 Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 11.3 Very Small Renal Masses (