Essentials of MRI Safety

Description

Essentials of MRI Safety is a comprehensive guide that enables practitioners to recognise and assess safety risks and follow appropriate and effective safety procedures in clinical practice. The text covers all the vital aspects of clinical MRI safety, including the bio-effects of MRI, magnet safety, occupational exposure, scanning passive and active implants, MRI suite design, institutional governance, and more. Complex equations and models are stripped back to present the foundations of theory and physics necessary to understand each topic, from the basic laws of magnetism to fringe field spatial gradient maps of common MRI scanners. Written by an internationally recognised MRI author, educator, and MRI safety expert, this important textbook: Reflects the most current research, guidelines, and MRI safety informationExplains procedures for scanning pregnant women, managing MRI noise exposure, and handling emergency situationsPrepares candidates for the American Board of MR Safety exam and other professional certificationsAligns with MRI safety roles such as MR Medical Director (MRMD), MR Safety Officer (MRSO) and MR Safety Expert (MRSE)Contains numerous illustrations, figures, self-assessment tests, key references, and extensive appendices Essentials of MRI Safety is an indispensable text for all radiographers and radiologists, as well as physicists, engineers, and researchers with an interest in MRI. Table of Contents Foreword: essentials Acknowledgments 1 Systems and safety: MR hardware and fields INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF MRI OPERATION MRI HARDWARE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OTHER MEDICAL DEVICES CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 2 Let’s get physical: fields and forces BASIC LAWS OF MAGNETISM MAGNETIC MATERIALS FORCES AND TORQUE LORENTZ AND HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES LAWS OF INDUCTION CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 3 Bio‐effects 1: static field INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL MECHANISMS CELLULAR EFFECTS ANIMAL EFFECTS EPIDEMIOLOGY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ACUTE SENSORY EFFECTS COGNITIVE EFFECTS STATIC FIELD EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 4 Bio‐effects 2: time‐varying gradient fields INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL INTERACTION ELF TIME‐VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS MAGNETIC STIMULATION PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION IN MRI EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 5 Bio‐effects 3: radio‐frequency fields INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL INTERACTION TISSUE HEATING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS RF EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 6 Acoustic noise INTRODUCTION GENERATION OF ACOUSTIC NOISE IN MRI MEASURING NOISE: dB(A), dB(C), dB(Z) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN HEARING MRI NOISE EXPOSURE REDUCING ACOUSTIC NOISE IN PRACTICE HEARING PROTECTION ACOUSTIC NOISE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 7 Pregnancy INTRODUCTION CELLULAR EFFECTS AND ANIMAL STUDIES HUMAN STUDIES AND EPIDEMIOLOGY GADOLINIUM‐BASED CONTRAST AGENTS EXPOSURE LIMITS AND GUIDANCE CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 8 Contrast agents INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CONTRAST REACTIONS AND ADVERSE EVENTS PREGNANCY AND LACTATION CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources National guidance documents 9 Passive implants INTRODUCTION RISKS FROM PASSIVE IMPLANTS ASTM TESTING EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE IMPLANTS ARTEFACTS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 10 Active implants INTRODUCTION RISKS FROM ACTIVE IMPLANTS PACEMAKERS AND ICDS NEUROSTIMULATORS COCHLEAR IMPLANTS ENDOSCOPIC CAMERAS IMPLANTABLE INFUSION PUMPS KEEPING WITHIN THE CONDITIONS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 11 Would you scan this? Understanding the conditions INTRODUCTION MRI CONDITIONS UNDERSTANDING FRINGE FIELD SPATIAL GRADIENT MAPS UNDERSTANDING RF CONDITIONS GRADIENT SLEW RATE CONDITION MORE EXAMPLES OFF‐LABEL SCANNING WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU DO NOT KNOW THE CONDITIONS? CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 12 Location, location, location INTRODUCTION ACR ZONING SCHEME FRINGE FIELD HELIUM EXHAUST AND QUENCH PIPE SECURITY SAFETY FEATURES MRI PROJECT MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST SYSTEMS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 13 But what about us? Occupational exposure INTRODUCTION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LIMITS SURVEYS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LEVELS SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION INCIDENCE OF BIO‐EFFECTS AMONG MAGNET FACILITY AND MR WORKERS CONCLUSIONS References Further reading and resources 14 Organization and management INTRODUCTION ROLES IN MR SAFETY POLICY AND SAFETY DOCUMENTATION CHECKLIST AND SCREENING INCIDENTS EMERGENCIES TRAINING ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE EXPOSURE LIMITS CONCLUSIONS: THE LAST WORD References Further reading and resources Appendix 1: One hundred equations you need to know MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCTION MAGNETIC MATERIALS FORCES AND TORQUE FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES LAWS OF INDUCTION RF INDUCTION FROM THE RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD SAR AND TISSUE HEATING References Appendix 2: Maths toolkit COORDINATE SYSTEMS VECTOR ALGEBRA VECTOR CALCULUS Appendix 3: Symbols and constants Answers to revision questions Index End User License Agreement