Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems: A Primer With Matlab

Description

"Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems: A Primer With MATLABª, is a textbook provides an excellent review of fundamental of the power system and give exciting analysis methods and a cover of the all components of power systems. At the beginning of each chapter, an abstract that states the chapter objectives. And then the introduction for each chapter. All principles presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. As much as possible, the author avoids wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding. and In each chapter, the author presents some of the solved examples and applications using a computer program. Toward the end of each chapter, the author discusses some applications aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter using a computer program. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of MATLABª is encouraged in a student-friendly manner. MATLABª is introduced in Appendix C and applied gradually throughout the book. Each illustrative example is immediately followed by practice problems. Students can follow the example step by step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the end of the book for answers. These practice problems test students' comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next section. The book is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering departments, and appropriate for Juniors, Undergraduate Students, Graduate Students Industry Professionals, Researchers, and Academics The prerequisites for a course based on this book are knowledge of standard mathematics, including calculus and complex numbers. The book's strengths -The book using for various academic and industrial levels. -The book is giving rich and essential information about power systems and give the fundamental study for next book (power system protection and control) -The book Including a lot of solved examples and problems in each chapter. -The results obtained from the MATLAB program for different topics. -Power system protection and control will include in the next part of the book"-- Contents Abstract Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Electrical Energy Sources 1.1. Structure of Electrical Power Systems 1.2. Energy Resources 1.3. Location of the Power Station 1.4. Types of Power Stations 1.4.1. Thermal Power Station (Steam Power Station) 1.4.1.1. Main Parts of the Thermal Power Station 1.4.1.2. Selection Site of the Thermal Power Station 1.4.2. Hydro-Electric Power Station 1.4.2.1. Choice of the Site 1.4.2.2. Hydro-Electric Plants Classification 1.4.2.3. Main Parts of Hydro-Electric Plants 1.4.2.4. Hydrology 1.4.3. Nuclear Power Station 1.4.3.1. Choice of the Site 1.4.3.2. Fuels 1.4.3.3. Elements of a Nuclear Power Station 1.4.4. Diesel Power Station 1.4.4.1. The Advantages of Diesel Power Station 1.4.4.2. The Disadvantages of Diesel Power Station 1.4.5. GAS Turbine Power Plant 1.4.5.1. The advantages of GAS Turbine Power Plant 1.4.5.2. The Disadvantages of GAS Turbine Power Plant 1.4.6. Solar Cell 1.4.6.1. Equivalent Circuit Model of Ideal and Practical Solar Cell 1.4.6.2. Performance Analysis 1.4.6.3. Series and Parallel Wiring Example 1.1 Solution Example 1.2 Solution Example 1.3 Solution Example 1.4 Solution Example 1.5 Solution 1.4.6.4. Sizing of the Solar Array 1.4.6.5. Sizing of the Battery 1.4.6.6. Sizing of the Voltage Controller 1.4.6.7. Sizing of the Inverter 1.4.6.8. Sizing of the System Wiring Example 1.6 1.4.7. Modelling of Wind Power 1.4.7.1. Efficiency in Extracting Wind Power (Betz Limit & Power Coefficient) 1.4.7.2. Power Curve of Wind Turbine 1.4.7.3. Technical Specifications E-82 ENERCON Wind Energy Converters 1.5. Load Curves and Factors Important Terms and Factors Example 1.7 Solution 1.6. Load Duration Curve 1.7. Load Curves and Selection of the Number and Sizes of the Generation Units Example 1.8 Solution Example 1.9 Solution 1.8. Prediction of load and Energy Requirements 1.9. Choice of Type, Size, and Number of Generator Units 1.10. Power Calculation in Single-Phase AC Circuits 1.11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 1.11.1. Delta Connection 1.11.2. Wye Connection 1.11.3. Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Example 3.11 Solution Example 3.12 Solution Example 3.13 Solution 1.12. Per Unit Quantity Problems Chapter 2 Elements of Power Systems 2.1. Generating Unit 2.2. Transmission Network 2.3. Grounding Transformer 2.4. Distribution System 2.5. Power Consumption / Load 2.6. Conductors 2.7. Power Electronics Devices 2.8. Protective Devices 2.9. Economic Choice of Transmission Voltage 2.10. Conductor material Characteristics of the Material Example 2.1 Solution 2.11. Parameters of Overhead Transmission Lines 2.11.1. Resistance 2.11.2. Inductance 2.11.2.1. Inductance of a Solid Cylindrical Conductor due to Internal Flux 2.11.2.2. Inductance of Single-Phase Two – Wireline 2.11.2.3. The Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines 2.11.2.4. The Inductance of Three-Phase Lines 2.11.2.5. Inductance of Bundled Conductors Example 2.2 Solution Example 2.3 Solution 2.11.3. Capacitance of Transmission Lines 2.11.3.1. Capacitance of a Two Wire Line 2.11.3.2. Capacitance of Three-Phase Line 2.11.3.3. Effect of the Earth on the Capacitance of a Line 2.11.3.4. Charging Current due to Capacitance 2.11.3.5. Capacitance of Bundle Conductors Example 2.4 Example 2.5 Solution 2.12. Performance of Transmission Lines 2.12.1. Short Transmission Line 2.12.2. Medium Transmission Line 2.12.2.1. Nominal π Circuit 2.12.2.2. Nominal T Circuit 2.12.3. Long Transmission Line 2.12.3.1. Nominal π Circuit 2.12.3.2. Transmission Efficiency 2.13. Generalized Constants Example 2.6 Solution Example 2.7 Solution 2.14. Underground Cables Problems Chapter 3 Load Flow Analysis 3.1. Incidence and Network Matrices 3.2. Power System Representation 3.3. Incidence Matrices 3.3.1. Element-Node Incidence Matrix ,𝑨. 3.3.2. Bus Incidence Matrix A 3.4. Primitive Network 3.5. Formation of Network Matrices by Singular Transformations 3.6. Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrices 3.7. Step by Step Formation of the Bus Admittance Matrix 3.8. Load Flow Analysis 3.8.1. The Power Flow Mathematical Model 3.8.2. Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations 3.8.3. Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations (Newton – Raphson) 3.8.4. Power – Flow Equations 3.8.5. Power - Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 3.8.5.1. Divergence of Gauss-Seidel Method 3.8.6. Power- Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 3.8.6.1. Divergence of Newton's Method 3.9. Voltage Controlled Bus 3.10. Voltage–Controlled Buses with Tap Changing Transformers 3.11. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution 3.12. Gauss-Iterative Method Using Zbus 3.13. Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method Using Zbus 3.14. Acceleration of Convergence 3.15. Line Flows and Losses Example 3.1 3.16. Load Flow Program 3.16. Design and Develop Program Stage Example 3.2 Solution Example 3.3 Solution Example 3.4 Solution Problems Chapter 4 Optimum Power Flow 4.1. Voltage Stability and Reactive Power Flow Problem 4.2. Power Loss and Power Flow Control 4.3. The Optimization Problem 4.4. Mathematical Formulation of the Optimization Problem 4.5. Optimization Techniques 4.5.1. Quadratic Programming (QP) 4.5.2. Linear Programming (LP) 4.5.3. fmincon Function 4.6. Optimal Power Flow 4.6.1. Mathematical Formulation of the OPF Problem 4.6.2. Classification of the OPF Algorithms Solution 4.6.3. Comparison of the OPF Algorithms Solution Classes 4.7. Non-Linear Function Optimization 4.8. Computer Solution Methods Using the Impedance Matrix 4.8.1. Impedance Matrix in Shunt Computation 4.8.2. Algorithm for Formulating [Zbus] Type 1 Modification (Addition of Tree Branch Zs from a New Bus q to Reference) Type 2 Modification (Addition of a Tree Brunch Zs from a New Bus q to Old Bus k) Type 3 Modification (Addition of a Link Zs Between an old Bus k and Reference) Type 4 Modification (Addition of Link Zs between Two Old Buses) 4.9. Matrices of Special Interest in Network Analysis Example 4.1 Example 4.2 4.9.1. The 6-Bus Power System 4.9.1.1. The Optimum Power Flow of 6 Bus Results 4.9.1.2. Bus Results Example 4.3 Solution 4.2.1.3. Applied Case Study Results Problems Chapter 5 Faults Analysis 5.1. Fault Concept 5.2. Types of Faults 5.3. Symmetrical Fault Analysis 5.4. Unsymmetrical Faults Analysis 5.5. Symmetrical Components 5.5.1. Positive Sequence Components 5.5.2. Negative Sequence Components 5.5.3. Zero Sequence Components 5.6. Effect of Symmetrical Components on Impedance 5.7. Phase Shift Δ / Υ Connection Δ / Υ 5.8. Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator 5.9. Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults by Using the Method of Symmetrical Component 5.9.1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault 5.9.2. Line-to-Line Fault 5.9.3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault 5.10. Fault Classification 5.11. Assumptions and Simplifications 5.12. Fault Voltage-Amps 5.13. Fault Levels in a Typical System Example 5.1 5.2.1. Balanced Three-Phase Fault: Fault Impedance Zf = 0 5.2.2. Single Line-to-Ground Fault 5.2.4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault Example 5.2 Problems Chapter 6 Power System Stability 6.1. Stability Concept 6.2. Steady-State Stability 6.3. Power Limit of Transmission System 6.4. Transient stability 6.5. Swing Equation Example 6.1 Solution Example 6.2 Solution 6.6. Transient Stability Analysis Methods 6.6.1. Indirect Methods 6.6.1.1. Step by Step Method 6.6.2. Direct Methods 6.6.2.1. Equal-Area Criterion 6.7. Determination of Maximum Sudden Increases of Generator Output 6.8. Switching Operation 6.9. Fault Condition 6.10. Determination of Critical Clearing Angle Example 6.3 Solution Example 6.4 Example 6.5 6.11. Multimachine Stability 6.12. Computer Solution Program of the Flow Chart of the Case Study 6.13. Stability Analysis by MATLAB Example 6.5 Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Example 6.8 Problems Chapter 7 Power System Reliability 7.1. Concept of Reliability 7.2. Power System Reliability 7.3. Reliability Evaluation 7.4. Measuring Reliability 7.5. Series Systems 7.6. Parallel Systems 7.7. Network Modeling and Evaluation of Simple Systems 7.7.1. Reliability as a Probability Function 7.7.2. Reliability Indices 7.7.3. Availability Concepts 7.7.4. Reliability as a Function of Time 7.8. General Reliability Functions 7.9. Reliability Analysis 7.9.1. Deterministic Data 7.9.2. Stochastic data 7.10. Interconnected Systems 7.11. Cut Sets Technique (CST) Example 7.1 Solution 7.12. Methods of Reliability Evaluation 7.12.1. Path Tracing Method 7.12.1.1. Path Tracing Method to Determine MCS Example 7.2 Solution Example 7.3 Solution 7.12.2. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 7.12.2.1. Application of Fault Tree Analysis 7.13. Markov Process Analysis 7.13.1. Markov Process Method 7.13.2. Representation of the General Method Example 7.4 Example 7.5 Solution 7.14. Eigen Value Method 7.15. Fussell Algorithm 7.15.1. Algorithms 7.15.2. Solution of Fussell Algorithm 7.15.3. Two-Unit System Example 7.6 Problems Chapter 8 Modeling of Synchronous Generator 8.1. Importance of Modeling 8.2. Turbogenerator Identification 8.3. Thermal Plant 8.4. Turbine Model 8.5. System Identification 8.6. Plant Description 8.7. GA Solution 8.8. Inertia Constant and Swing Equation 8.9. Synchronous Generator Modeling Concept in the Power System 8.10. Excitation System Control 8.11. Turbine Governor Control 8.11.1. Prime Mover and Governing System Controls 8.11.2. Relationship of Governor, Turbine, and Generator 8.12. Division of Load between Generators Example 9.2 Solution 8.13. System Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity 8.14. Amplitude and Frequency Estimation of Power System 8.14.1. Adaptive Hopf Oscillator (AHO) 8.14.2. Power System Signal Modeling Problems Chapter 9 Power Distribution System 9.1. Generation 9.2. Transmission 9.3. Distribution 9.4. System Operation 9.5. Radial and Ring Distribution 9.6. Overhead and Underground Distribution 9.7. Distribution Equipment 9.7.1. Transformers 9.7.2. Circuit Breakers 9.7.3. Disconnect Switches 9.7.4. Metering Equipment 9.8. Distribution Inside Large Buildings 9.8.1. Single Rising Main 9.8.2. Grouped Supply 9.8.3. Individual Floor Supply 9.8.4. Ring Main Supply 9.8.5. Double Feed Supply 9.9. Constructional Details of 33/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV Distribution Substations 9.10. Emergency Generators 9.11. Mains Failure Panel (MFP) 9.12. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Case (1): Mains Available (Normal Operation) Case (2): Mains Failed (Emergency Operation) Case (3): Return of Mains 9.13. Parallel Systems 9.14. Reactive Power Control in Distribution Networks 9.14.1. Individual Compensation 9.14.2. Control Methods 9.15. Distribution System Configuration 9.15.1. Radial Distribution System 9.15.2. Ring Distribution System 9.15.3. Spike Distribution System 9.15.4. Spindle Distribution System 9.15.5. Network (or Grid) Distribution System 9.15.6. Primary Selective Distribution System 9.16. Distribution System Parameters 9.16.1. Conductor Resistance 9.16.2. Inductive Reactance 9.17. Conductor Materials 9.18. Transformer Losses 9.19. Economic Number of Transformers 9.20. Radial Distribution System Calculations Example 9.1 Solution Problems Chapter 10 VAR Compensator 10.1. Objectives of Load Compensation 10.1.1. Power Factor Correction 10.1.2. Voltage Regulation 10.1.3. Load Balancing 10.2. Types of Reactive Power Compensation 10.2.1. Series Capacitor 10.2.2. Synchronous Condensers 10.2.3. Shunt Capacitors 10.2.4. Shunt Reactors 10.3. Controls of Switched Shunt Capacitors 10.4. Harmonic Distortion in Power System 10.5. Source of Harmonics 10.6. Harmonic Measurement 10.6.1. Distortion Factor 10.6.2. Telephone Interference Factor 10.7. Harmonic Reduction Methods 10.7.1. Shunt Filters 10.7.2. Series Filters 10.8. Operation of Thyristor Controlled SVCs 10.9. SVC Parameters Calculation 10.9.1. Static VAR Compensator Configurations 10.9.2. Calculation of the TCR Firing Angle 10.10. Three-Phase Current Balancing 10.11. Harmonics Due to SVC Operation 10.11.1. Measurement of Harmonic Effects 10.12. Real Time Technique 10.13. Control of SVC by ANN 10.14. Control Network 10.15. Structure of the ANNs Based SVC Controller 10.16. Training of ANNs 10.17. Numerical Test Systems 10.17.1. Theoretical Test System Control Network of Theoretical Test System 10.17.2. Practical Test System 10.17.2.1. Arc Furnace Application Control Network of Arc Furnace Application 10.17.2.2. Radial Distribution System Control Network of Radial Distribution System 10.17.2.3. Radial Transmission System Control Network of Radial Transmission System Problems Appendices Appendix A: Complex Numbers A.1. Representation of Complex Numbers A.2. Mathematical Operations A.3. Euler’s Formula Appendix B: Mathematical Formulas B.1. Quadratic Formulas B.2. Trigonometric Identities B.3. Trigonometric Substitution B.4. Hyberbolic Functions B.5. Derivatives B.6. Indefinite Integrals B.7. Definite Integrals B.8. L’Hopital’s Rule B.9. Summation B.10. Numerical Integration Approximations B.11. Powers of the Trig Functions Appendix C: Introduction to MATLAB® C.1. MATLAB Basics C.2. Using MATLAB to Plot References About the Author Index Blank Page