The Human Body: Linking Structure and Function

Description

The Human Body: Linking Structure and Function provides knowledge on the human body's unique structure and how it works. Each chapter is designed to be easily understood, making the reading interesting and approachable. Organized by organ system, this succinct publication presents the functional relevance of developmental studies and integrates anatomical function with structure. Focuses on bodily functions and the human body's unique structureOffers insights into disease and disorders and their likely anatomical originExplains how developmental lineage influences the integration of organ systems Cover The Human Body: Linking Structure and Function Copyright Dedication Preface Sources of Borrowed Illustrations Introduction 1 Cells The Plasma Membrane Lipid Bilayer Plasma Membrane Proteins Channels, Pumps, and Carriers The Nucleus The Cytoplasm Organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Proteasomes Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Centrosome Cilia and Flagella Cytoplasmic Inclusions Transport Across the Cell Membrane Endocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis The Cell Cycle and Cell Division Cell Cycle Cell Division Summary 2 Tissues Epithelia Epithelial Cells Types of Epithelia Connective Tissues Types of Connective Tissue Fibroelastic Connective Tissue Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers Reticular Fibers Ground Substance Cartilage Bone Adipose Tissue Blood Other Components of Connective Tissue Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Nervous Tissue Neurons Glial Cells How a Neuron Conducts Signals Summary 3 Skin Structure of Skin Mechanical Properties of Skin Skin as a Sense Organ Nonencapsulated Nerve Endings Free Nerve Endings Peritrichial Nerve Endings Encapsulated Nerve Endings Meissner Corpuscles Merkel Cells Pacinian Corpuscles Ruffini Corpuscles End Bulbs Thermal Regulation Emotions and the Skin Pigmentation and Protection From Ultraviolet Radiation Skin as a Barrier Skin Appendages—Hair and Nails Hair Nails Microbiology of the Skin Maintaining the Integrity of the Skin Aging and the Skin Summary 4 The Skeleton Evolutionary Origins of the Skeleton Embryonic Origins of the Skeleton Cartilage Bone Direct (Intramembranous) Bone Formation in the Embryo Long Bones and Their Formation by Endochondral Ossification The Epiphyseal Plate and Growth in Length of a Bone Growth in Diameter and the Formation of Compact Bone Further Modeling of a Long Bone Reorganization (Remodeling) of Compact Bone Mechanical Stimuli, Remodeling, and the Internal Architecture of a Bone Fracture Healing Endocrines and Bone The Aging Skeleton Joints Osteoarthritis Summary 5 The Muscular System The Overall Organization of a Muscle Evolution of Muscle Muscle Contraction The Stimulus to Contract The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction The Cellular Basis of Muscle Contraction Contraction of an Entire Muscle Motor Units The Sensory Apparatus of a Muscle The Connective Tissue in a Muscle Muscle Architecture in Relation to Function Muscle Contractions and the Whole Body Muscle Metabolism During Contraction Muscle Fatigue and Recovery Growth and Adaptation of Muscle Muscle Growth Training Effects on Muscle Muscle Atrophy Muscle Regeneration The Aging of Muscle Summary 6 The Nervous System Evolution of the Nervous System Overall Structure of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Brain Brainstem Cerebellum Diencephalon Thalamus. Hypothalamus. Telencephalon Olfactory Region. Limbic System. Cerebral Cortex. Neuronal Pathways and Circuits Pain Pathway Somatic Motor Pathways Neural Regeneration and Stem Cells Regeneration of a Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in the Brain and Spinal Cord Aging in the Nervous System Summary 7 Special Senses—Vision and Hearing Visual System Evolution of Vision The Human Eye as a Camera Eyelids and Tears The Eyeball Cornea and Sclera Iris and Pupil Lens and Ciliary Apparatus Vitreous Humor Retina Vision Rods and Cones Phototransduction Processing of Visual Signals by the Retina Retinal Output Auditory System Evolution of the Auditory System The Human Ear External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Cochlea Central Processing of Hearing The Vestibular System Summary 8 The Lymphoid System and Immunity Development and Organization of the Lymphoid System Cells of the Lymphoid System B-Lymphocytes T-Lymphocytes Natural Killer cells Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils and Basophils Mast Cells Dendritic Cells Molecular Players in Immune Responses Antibodies Complement MHC5 Cytokines Receptors and Ligands Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Thymus Bone Marrow and B-Lymphocyte Maturation Lymph Nodes Spleen Skin and Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Functions of the Immune System Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity A Local Bacterial Infection A Viral Infection Cancer Surveillance Graft Rejection Protection from Parasitic Infections Hypersensitivity Summary 9 The Endocrine System Evolution of the Endocrine System The Hierarchical Hormone System Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Gonads Ovaries Testes Nonhierarchical Endocrine Glands Control of Calcium Balance Glucose Regulation and the Pancreas Summary 10 The Circulatory System Blood Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Platelets Blood Plasma Heart Cardiac Rhythms The Vasculature Arteries The Microcirculation Veins Special Circulations Limbs Coronary Circulation Skin Vasculature Spleen Hepatic Portal Vein Elements Controlling Circulatory Dynamics Blood Pressure Blood Gases Heat Management Emotional Factors and Cardiovascular Function The Lymphatic System Summary 11 The Respiratory System Breathing The Nose The Nose during Breathing Olfaction The Pharynx The Larynx The Lower Respiratory Tract The Respiratory Tree (Conducting Zone) Gas Exchange in the Lungs (Respiratory Zone) Summary 12 The Digestive System Oral Cavity Lips Mastication Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands Pharynx and Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Structure Digestion and Absorption Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Protein Digestion and Absorption Lipid Digestion and Absorption Transport of Absorbed Digestive Products Transport of Water and Electrolytes Large Intestine Digestion and Absorption in the Large Intestine The Colonic Microbiome Motility of the Colon Formation of Feces and Defecation Summary 13 The Urinary System Evolution of the Urinary System The Formation of Urine Filtration Secretion and Reabsorption The Proximal Tubule The Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Tubules and Ducts The Renal Medulla and Its Countercurrent Multiplier System Other Functions of the Kidneys The JGA and the Control of Blood Pressure The Storage and Transport of Urine Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Summary 14 The Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System Sperm Production (Spermatogenesis) Sperm Transport Slow Passive Sperm Transport Fast Active Sperm Transport (Ejaculation) The Female Reproductive System Egg Production (Oogenesis) Female Reproductive Cycles Egg Transport Sperm Transport in the Female Reproductive Tract Fertilization Embryo Transport and Pregnancy Breast Development and Lactation Summary Glossary Index Back Cover