Handbook of LGBT Communities, Crime, and Justice

Description

Contemporary scholars have begun to explore non-normative sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression in a growing victimization literature, but very little research is focused on LGBTQ communities’ patterns of offending (beyond sex work) and their experiences with police, the courts, and correctional institutions. This Handbook, the first of its kind in Criminology and Criminal Justice, will break new ground by presenting a thorough treatment of all of these under-explored issues in one interdisciplinary volume that features current empirical work. Foreword Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Part IIntroduction and Overview of LGBT Communities, Crime, and Justice 1 Introduction: Reducing the Invisibility of Sexual and Gender Identities in Criminology and Criminal Justice Abstract How the Volume Came to be and Other Queer Tales Goals of the Handbook Organization of the Handbook Part I: Introduction and Overview of LGBT Communities, Crime, and Justice Part II: LGBT Communities, Crime, and Victimization Part III: LGBT Communities and Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems Part IV: LGBT Communities, Law, and Justice Part V: LGBT Communities, Crime, and Public Health Part VI: Future Directions and Concluding Thoughts Closing Considerations 2 ‘‘Queering Criminology’’: Overview of the State of the Field Abstract Introduction Crime Data on LGBTQ Populations in the United States The Treatment of LGBTQ Populations in Major Criminological Theories Early Biological Perspectives on Crime Psychological Perspectives on Crime Sociological Perspectives on Crime Critical Perspectives on Crime Moving Forward: ‘‘Queering’’ Criminology Acknowledgments References Part IILGBT Communities, Crime,and Victimization 3 Bias Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Global Prevalence, Impacts, and Causes Abstract Prevalence of SOGI-Motivated Violence Bias Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes Based on Gender Identity Impacts of SOGI-Motivated Violence on Well-Being Explaining SOGI-Motivated Bias Crimes Individualistic Explanations Interpersonal Explanations Sociocultural Explanations Summary of Causes for Bias Crimes Discussion and Conclusion References 4 Marking 35 Years of Research on Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence: Lessons and New Directions Abstract Prevalence Relative Prevalence of Forms of SSIPV Relative Prevalence of SSIPV and OSIPV Relative Prevalence of SSIPV and OSIPV among Bisexuals Prevalence of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional SSIPV Dynamics Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Sequencing of Abuse Gender Performance Substance Abuse Power Differentials Reasons Victims Stay Outcomes of SSIPV Helping Victims Absence of Formal Help-Giving Resources Heterosexism Among Service Providers Legal Barriers Future Directions Future Research Methodologies Future Research Topics and Policy Implications Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5 The LGBT Offender Abstract The First Gay Criminals The Gay Villain The First Gay Victims From Villain to Victim on TV The Gay Victim and Criminology The LGBT Offender LGBT Delinquents The Gay/Lesbian Prisoner Conclusion References 6 When They Tell You Who You Are: Lesbian Resistance to the Policing of Multiple Identities Abstract Lesbian Youth in Resistance Critical Dilemmas: Intersectionality and the Quantification of Identities Lesbians in the Queer Landscape of the Borderlands Policing Lesbian Gangs: Negotiating Multiple Identities and Challenging Invisibility Queer Recognition in Methodological Regimes Impossible Futures? References 7 ‘‘I Will Fight You Like I’m Straight’’: Gay Gang- and Crime-Involved Men’s Participation in Violence Abstract Introduction Violence: Answered and Unanswered Questions What Purposes Does Violence Serve for Perpetrators? What Do We Know About Gay Men’s Involvement in Violence? Current Study Methods and Sample Sampling Strategy Interviews Method of Analysis Sample Characteristics Findings When ‘‘You’ve Gotta Knock Somebody Out’’: Circumstances for Justifiable Violence Gang Violence Responding to Anti-gay Harassment with Violence Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgments References Part IIILGBT Communities and Juvenileand Criminal Justice Systems 8 Pleasures, Perversities, and Partnerships: The Historical Emergence of LGBT-Police Relationships Abstract Introduction Policing Perverse Pleasures: Historically Painful Moments of LGBT-Police Relations Policing Partnerships: Contemporary Moments of LGBT-Police Relations LGBT-Police Partnerships: A Pointed Future? Moving Forward in an Ever-Shifting LGBT-Police Landscape References 9 Intersections of Gender and Sexuality in Police Abuses Against Transgender Sex Workers in Sri Lanka Abstract Interlocking Systems of Oppression: Sexuality and Gender in Sri Lanka Police Abuses Verbal Abuse Physical Abuse Forced Bribes and Theft Failure to Protect False Accusations Inequality in Punishment Forced Gendered Behavior Sexual Abuse Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgment References 10 Policing the Lesbian and Gay Community: The Perceptions of Lesbian and Gay Police Officers Abstract Introduction Literature Review Police Departments in the United States Lesbians and Gay Men in Policing Community Policing Emotional Labor and Police Work Policing in Lesbian and Gay Communities Measurable Outcomes of Community Policing Gathering Officer Experiences and Perceptions Methodology Survey of Lesbian and Gay Officers Focus Groups Sessions with Lesbian and Gay Officers Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References 11 Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Incarcerated in Delinquent Facilities Abstract Introduction A Review of the Literature Method for Our Study Findings from Our Study on Incarcerated Ohio Youth Summary of Previously-Reported Findings on SMS Youth in Our Study Current Analyses Regarding SMS Youth and Programming Policy Implications and Recommendations Acknowledgments References 12 Gender Integration in Sex-Segregated U.S. Prisons: The Paradox of Transgender Correctional Policy Abstract Introduction Setting the Stage for Transgender Policy The New Penology and a Culture of Control Legitimacy and the Centrality of Safety and Security in Organizational Policy Data and Method of Analysis Transgender Correctional Policy in the United States Defining Transgender Accessing Medical Care Determining Housing Displaying Gender Name and Pronoun Use Clothing and Adornment Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgments References Cases Cited Statutes Cited 13 LGBT Issues and Criminal Justice Education Abstract LGBT Issues and Criminal Justice Education College Students’ Attitudes Toward LGBT People Criminal Justice Majors and Attitudes Towards LGBT People Status of Criminal Justice Education on LGBT Issues Potential for Bias or Discriminatory Interactions Race and Gender Education Initiatives as a Paradigm for LGBT Education Initiatives Future Directions References Part IVLGBT Communities, Law, and Justice 14 Rethinking the ‘‘World Polity’’ Perspective on Global Sodomy Law Reform Abstract Introduction Global Sodomy Law Reform and the ‘‘World Polity’’ Perspective A Brief Introduction to Meyer’s World Polity Perspective The ‘‘World Polity’’ Perspective on Global Sodomy Law Reform Conflict as the World Polity Perspective’s ‘‘Blind Spot’’ Conflict, Power, and Resistance in Global Sodomy Law Reform Case Study One Case Study Two Case Study Three Case Study Four Concluding Thoughts Acknowledgments References 15 LGBT Movements in Southeast Europe: Violence, Justice, and International Intersections Abstract Introduction Grassroots Movements, Violence, and Public Actions Violence Against Organizing Global Gender/Sexuality Mainstreaming Country Report Cards and Gay-Rights Diplomacy Progressive Cultural Shifts Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16 The Death Penalty as Genocide: The Persecution of ‘‘Homosexuals’’ in Uganda Abstract The 2009 ‘‘Anti-Homosexuality’’ Bill in Uganda Public Attitudes on Same-Sex Relationships ‘‘Homosexuality’’ and the Legacy of Colonization Genocidal Intention of the Ugandan ‘‘Kill the Gays’’ Bill Stanton’s ‘Eight Stages of Genocide’ Classification Symbolization Dehumanization Organization Polarization Preparation Extermination Denial Harff’s Political Model Political Upheaval Prior Genocides Exclusionary Ideologies Autocratic Rule Economic and Political Interdependence Conclusions and Recommendations References 17 Presumptive Criminals: U.S. Criminal Law and HIV-Related Aggravated Assaults Abstract Introduction The Science of the Likelihood of Transmitting HIV The Accident Fallacy The Fallacy Explained Logical ‘‘Accident’’ as a Due Process Problem Logical ‘‘Accident’’ and Errors in the Criminalization of Transmission Through the Traditional Criminal Law The Biting Cases The Sex Cases Conclusions and Implications Acknowledgments References 18 Define ‘‘Sex’’: Legal Outcomes for Transgender Individuals in the United States Abstract Define ‘‘Sex’’: Legal Outcomes for Transgender Individuals The Transgender Experience Defining Employment Discrimination Defining Housing Discrimination Defining Protections for Transgender and GNC Youth Defining Family Conclusion References 19 Bullying of LGBT Youth in America: Prevalence, Effects, and Government Responses Abstract Introduction Prevalence and Consequences of Bullying Defining Bullying Behavior The ‘‘Severe, Pervasive, and Objectively Offensive’’ Legal Standard Free Speech Enumeration Why Unenumerated Laws are Insufficient Addressing Accusations of Exclusion Federal Responses to Bullying of LGBT Youth Tragedy Followed by a Visible Federal Response Leveraging Existing Legislation Other Executive Branch Action Legislative Proposals Other Congressional Responses State Initiatives State Safe School Legal Landscape ‘‘Don’t Say Gay’’ Laws and ‘‘License to Bully’’ Provisions Conclusion Acknowledgment References Part VLGBT Communities, Crime,and Public Health 20 Examining Dating Violence and Its Mental Health Consequences Among Sexual Minority Youth Abstract Introduction Methods Recruitment Measures Analysis Results Sample Adolescent Dating Violence Current Dating Violence Mental Health Outcomes Univariate Analyses of Current (College-aged) Dating Violence Discussion Limitations Implications for Future Research Implications for Service Acknowledgement References 21 The Queer Delinquent: Impacts of Risk and Protective Factors on Sexual Minority Juvenile Offending in the U.S. Abstract Introduction Gender, Social Inequality, and Crime Sexuality and Crime Risk and Protective Factors Protective Factors Risk Factors Hypotheses Data Dependent Variables Independent Variables Control Variables Results Discussion and Conclusion References 22 Diversity at the Margins: The Interconnections Between Homelessness, Sex Work, Mental Health, and Substance Use in the Lives of Sexual Minority Homeless Young People Abstract Introduction Leaving Home On the Streets: Subsistence and Sex Work Drug Use, Mental Health, and Victimization Complicating the Picture The Diversity of Experience Social Relationships, Street Culture, and Belonging Criminalization and Social Control Conclusion References 23 A State of Exception: Intersectionality, Health, and Social Exemption Abstract Introduction Social Exceptions, Abject Exemptions Social Exceptions and Ephemeral Rights Categorizing People, (B)ordering Lives Disordered Bodies, Disbordered Lives Sexual Disorder and HIV/AIDS: The Perils of Medicalization ‘‘HIV Has Touched Them All’’ The State and State Interventions Transnationalism and Crossing Borders Toward a Critical Ethnography of Sexuality Conclusion Part VIFuture Directions and ConcludingThoughts 24 What’s Queer About Queer Criminology? Abstract Introduction ‘‘Queer’’ Engagements Between ‘‘Queer’’ and Criminology ‘‘Queer’’ as Identity Category Queer Theory as a Set of Theoretical Tools Calls for a ‘‘Queer Criminology’’ What’s Queer About All of This? ‘‘Queer Criminology’’ as a Project of Knowledge Production Discursive Reversal Queer = Sexuality and Gender Achieving Justice, Regulatory Projects, and Investments in the State Queer Theory and Criminological Reluctance Conclusion Acknowledgments References 25 Hardly Queer, or Very Queer Indeed? Concluding Thoughts about the Handbook of LGBT Communities, Crime, and Justice Abstract Revisiting a Critique of Research on Sexual Minority Populations The Way Forward Reference Glossary–Defining Terms and Acronyms About the Editors Index