Braddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Description

Thoroughly updated to reflect the latest advances and technologies, Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th Edition, remains the market leader in the field of PM&R. For more than 20 years, this bestselling reference has been the go-to resource for the entire rehabilitation team, providing in-depth coverage of essential core principles along with the latest research, technologies, and procedures that enhance patient care and facilitate optimal return to function. In this edition, lead editor Dr. David X. Cifu and his team of expert associate editors and contributing authors employ a more succinct format that emphasizes need-to-know material, incorporating new key summary features, including high-yield information and study sheets for problem-based learning. Focuses more heavily on rehabilitation, with case studies throughout and more comprehensive coverage of stroke evaluation, rehabilitation, and therapies.  Provides expanded information on key topics such as interventional pain management options, gait and prosthetics, USG, fluoroscopy, electrodiagnosis and more.  Features a new chapter on Occupational Medicine and Vocational Rehabilitation, plus enhanced coverage of the neurogenic bladder, rehabilitation and prosthetic restoration in upper limb amputation, and acute medical conditions including cardiac disease, medical frailty, and renal failure.  Discusses quality and outcome measures for medical rehabilitation, practical aspects of impairment rating and disability determination, integrative medicine in rehabilitation, and assistive technology.  Offers highly illustrated, templated chapters that are easy to navigate without sacrificing coverage of key topics.  Includes access to dozens of even more practical videos and hundreds of integrated self-assessment questions for more effective learning and retention.  Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.  Front-Matter_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Copyright_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Copyright Dedication_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Dedication Contributors_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Contributors Acknowledgments_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Acknowledgments Preface_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Preface 1---The-Physiatric-History-and-Physic_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-R 1 - The Physiatric History and Physical Examination The Physiatric History Chief Complaint History of the Present Illness Functional Status Mobility Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Cognition Communication Past Medical and Surgical History Cardiopulmonary Musculoskeletal Neurologic Disorders Medications Social History Home Environment and Living Situation Family and Friends Support Substance Abuse Sexual History Vocational Activities Finances and Income Maintenance Recreation Psychosocial History Spirituality Litigation Family History Review of Systems The Physiatric Physical Examination Neurologic Examination Mental Status Examination Level of Consciousness Attention Orientation Memory General Fundamentals of Knowledge Abstract Thinking Insight and Judgment Mood and Affect General Mental Status Assessment Communication Aphasia Dysarthria Dysphonia Verbal Apraxia Cognitive Linguistic Deficits Cranial Nerve Examination Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Cranial Nerves IX and X: Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Sensory Examination Motor Control Strength Coordination Apraxia Involuntary Movements Tone Reflexes Superficial Reflexes Primitive Reflexes Muscle Stretch Reflexes Gait Musculoskeletal Examination Caveats Inspection Palpation Assessment of Joint Stability Assessment of Range of Motion General Principles Assessment Techniques Assessment of Muscle Strength General Principles Assessment Techniques Assessment, Summary, and Plan Summary 2---Examination-of-the-Pediatric-_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehab 2 - Examination of the Pediatric Patient History Birth History History of Presenting Problem Developmental History Family History Social and Educational History Physical Examination Growth Inspection Musculoskeletal Assessment Neurologic Assessment Functional Assessment 3---Rehabilitation-of-Swallowing-D_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Reha 3 - Rehabilitation of Swallowing Disorders Swallowing Physiology Oral Stage Pharyngeal Phase The Esophageal Stage Neurophysiology Dysphagia Evaluation of Dysphagia Bedside/Clinical Swallow Evaluation Dysphagia Screenings Clinical Swallow Evaluation Blue Dye Clinical Swallow Evaluation Cervical Auscultation Instrumental Swallow Assessment Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing Comparison of VFSS and FEES High-Resolution Manometry Ultrasonography Treatment of Dysphagia Compensatory Strategies in Swallowing Rehabilitation Restorative: Exercise Training and Plasticity Considerations Surgery for Dysphagia Bypassing the Oropharyngeal Swallow Process Aspiration Pneumonia Prevention 4---Psychological-Assessment-and-Interven_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-a 4 - Psychological Assessment and Intervention in Rehabilitation Psychological Assessment Psychological Intervention 5---Practical-Aspects-of-Impairment-Rating-_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine 5 - Practical Aspects of Impairment Rating and Disability Determination Terminology and Conceptualization of Disablement From Classification of Causes of Death to International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Americans With Disabilities Act and Implications Relating Impairment to Disability and Compensation Formulas Major U.S. Disability Systems Compared With Attention to the Role of the Examining Physician Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Federal Workers’ Compensation Systems State Workers’ Compensation Systems Compensation and Pensioning Under the Veterans Benefits Administration Personal Injury Claims Impairment Rating Guides for Physicians With Attention to Guides, Sixth Edition Application of the American Medical Association Guides, Sixth Edition, to Musculoskeletal Impairments Qualitative Impairments Quantitative Impairments Diagnosis-Based Impairment Method Spine and Extremities as Regional Units Combining Impairments to Whole Person Impairment Ratings Independent Medical Examination: Elements and Reporting Expectations Diagnosis and Medical Necessity Causation and Allowable Conditions Maximum Medical Improvement Determination Future Medical Needs Disability as Return-To-Work Restrictions Legal and Ethical Considerations Expert Witness Testimony Ethical Considerations 6---Occupational-Medicine-and-Vocationa_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and 6 - Occupational Medicine and Vocational Rehabilitation Introduction Occupational Medicine Brief History of Occupational Medicine Epidemiology of Work-related Injury, Illness, and Fatality Adaptations for People With Impairment/Disabilities Workplace Environment and Safety Regulation Ergonomics and Prevention Strategies Treating Worker Disability Returning to Work Employees With Preexisting Impairments Vocational Rehabilitation What Is Vocational Rehabilitation Biopsychosocial Model Approach to Work Disability Vocational Rehabilitation Assessment and Evaluation Disability Evaluation, Livelihood, and Employment Rehabilitation Model Return to Work Interventions Work Hardening/Work Conditioning Functional Restoration Programs Functional Capacity Evaluation Conclusion 7---Quality-and-Outcome-Measures-for-Med_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-an 7 - Quality and Outcome Measures for Medical Rehabilitation Outcome Measures Types of Outcome Measures International Classification of Function Functional Independence Measure Other Outcome Measures Choosing Outcome Measures Evidence and Guidelines Definitions of Evidence-Based Medicine Assessing, Evaluating, and Applying Evidence Clinical Practice Guidelines Performance Measures and Metrics Measure Development Challenges in Measure Development The Desirable Attributes of a Measure Are Complex Measure Testing That Is Critical to the Process of Its ­Development Is Elaborate Measures Are Tested by Different Agencies Before They Are Vetted Measure Development Necessitates Extensive Costs Through the Measure’s Intricate Life Cycle Risk Adjustment21 Privacy, Security, and Databases3 Strategically Improving Healthcare Quality With Performance Measurement Safety and Accreditation The Value Equation Maintenance of Certification and Quality Improvement Quality Improvement and Practice Improvement Projects Practice Improvement Project Options ABPMR Practice Improvement Project American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Practice Improvement Project American Association of Neuromuscular and ­Electrodiagnostic Medicine Performance in Practice: ­Electrodiagnostic Report Writing... Moving From the Maintenance of Certification to the Continuous Certification Program Conclusions 8---Electrodiagnostic-Medici_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilita 8 - Electrodiagnostic Medicine Clinical Assessment: History and Physical Examination History Physical Examination Purpose of Electrodiagnostic Testing Nerve Injury Classification Seddon Classification Neurapraxia Axonotmesis Neurotmesis Sunderland Classification Clinical Testing of Motor and Sensory Nerves H-Reflexes F-Waves Needle Electromyography Needle Insertional Activity Decreased Insertional Activity Increased Insertional Activity End-Plate Potentials Miniature End-Plate Potentials End-Plate Spikes Single Muscle Fiber Fibrillation Potentials: Spike Form and Positive Sharp Waves Positive Sharp Waves Complex Repetitive Discharge Myotonic Discharges Fasciculation Potentials Myokymic Discharge Cramp Potentials Neuromyotonic Discharges Motor Units and Recruitment Extent of Electrodiagnostic Testing Electromyography and Biopsy Muscle Biopsy Nerve Biopsy Limitations of Electrodiagnosis Standards of Practice for Electrodiagnostic Medicine Pediatric Electrodiagnosis Mononeuropathies and Entrapment Neuropathies Brachial Plexopathies Radiculopathies How Many and Which Muscles to Study Traumatic Nerve Injuries Electrodiagnostic Assessment of Nerve Injuries Generalized Disorders Polyneuropathy Myopathies Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Motor Neuron Disease Final Electrodiagnostic Conclusions and Report Action Potential Generation Physiologic Factors Affecting Action Potential Propagation Gender Aging Digit Circumference Height Temperature Physiology of Sensory and Motor Responses Instrumentation Electrodes Amplifier Filters Sound Stimulator 9---Rehabilitation-and-Prosthetic-Restorati_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine 9 - Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Restoration in Upper Limb Amputation Demographics, Incidence, and Prevalence Nomenclature and Functional Levels of Amputations Principles of Limb Salvage and Amputation Surgery Limb Salvage Hand Replantation Hand Transplantation Rehabilitation After Hand Replantation and Hand Transplantation Anchor 643 Outcomes Amputation Acute Management: Preamputation Through Early Rehabilitation Preamputation Acute Postamputation Upper Limb Prostheses Introduction to Upper Limb Prosthetic Systems Socket and Suspension Choices Power Level-Specific Upper Limb Amputation Prostheses Terminal Devices and Wrist Units Bilateral Upper Limb Amputee Advances in Prosthetic Technology Surgical Prosthetic Technology Prosthetic Training Follow-Up 10---Lower-Limb-Amputation-and-_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabil 10 - Lower Limb Amputation and Gait Epidemiology Amputation Terminology Rehabilitation Implications of Amputation Level and Surgical Technique Residual Limb and Skin Care Pain Management Psychological Support Pre-prosthetic Phase Rehabilitation Considerations Prosthetic Training Phase Considerations Functional Classification Prosthetic Restoration Essential Elements of the Prosthetic Prescription Socket Designs Transtibial Socket Design Transfemoral Socket Design Subischial Socket Design Prosthetic Limb Suspension Suction Suspension Elevated Vacuum Suspension Pin Lock Suspension Alternate Suspension Designs Prosthetic Interface Options Prosthetic Construction Options (Endoskeletal or Exoskeletal) Prosthetic Feet Nonarticulated Prosthetic Feet Solid Ankle Cushion Heel Foot. The solid ankle cushion heel (SACH) prosthetic foot is a basic foot that is primarily indicated f... Solid Ankle Flexible Endoskeletal Foot. The solid ankle flexible endoskeletal (SAFE) prosthetic foot is similar to the SACH foot... Articulated Prosthetic Feet Single-Axis Feet. Single-axis feet (Fig. 10.9) allow controlled motion at the ankle in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Rubber b... Multiaxial feet. Multiaxial feet (Fig. 10.10) allow motion in multiple planes of movement including axial rotation depending on ... Energy Storing/Dynamic Response Feet Hydraulic Ankle Feet Microprocessor Feet Specialty Feet Prosthetic Knees Manual Locking Knee Single-Axis Knee Weight-Activated Stance: Control (Safety Knee) Polycentric Knees Hydraulic or Pneumatic Knees Microprocessor Knee Microprocessor Knees With Internal Power Prosthetic Hip Joints Additional Componentry Considerations Prosthetic Prescription for Partial Foot Amputations Prosthetic Prescription for Ankle Disarticulation (Syme) Amputations Prosthetic Prescription Algorithm: Transtibial Functional Level One (K1) Functional Level Two (K2) Functional Level Three (K3) Functional Level Four (K4) Knee Disarticulation Prescription Criteria Prosthetic Prescription Algorithms for Transfemoral Amputees Functional Level One (K1) Functional Level Two (K2) Functional Level Three (K3) Functional Level Four (K4) Hip Disarticulation and Hemipelvectomy Levels of Amputation Prescription Criteria Alternative Socket Designs Prosthetic Limb Fitting and Replacement Considerations Energy Consumption Bilateral Amputee Considerations Pediatric Lower Limb Loss Prevalence, Classification, and Epidemiology: Congenital Lower Limb Deficiencies Classification and Etiology: Acquired Amputation Fibular Deficiencies, Syme, and Transtibial Amputations Tibial Deficiencies and Knee Disarticulation Amputation Longitudinal Deficiency of the Femur, Partial Amputation Level and Energy Expenditure in Congenital and Acquired Pediatric Lower Limb Deficiencies Financial and Vocational Impacts of Pediatric Limb Loss Future Considerations Normal Human Gait Introduction Gait Terminology Determinants of Gait Kinematics Sagittal Plane Kinematics. The sagittal plane kinematics of gait describe the motion that occurs at the hip, knee, and ankle dur... Kinetics Sagittal Plane Kinetics. Sagittal plane kinetics describe the forces that occur across the hip, knee, and ankle joints during ga... Muscle Activity Muscle Activity During Gait. During normal gait, pelvic and lower extremity muscles generate forces to produce movement, resist ... Hip Extensors Hip Flexors Knee Extensors Knee Flexors Ankle Dorsiflexors Ankle Plantarflexors Prosthetic Gait Deviations Transtibial Gait Deviations Uneven Stride Length Abrupt Knee Flexion in Loading Response Absent Knee Flexion in Loading Response Visible “Pistoning” Coronal Knee Instability Lateral Trunk Bending Early/Late Heel Rise Abrupt Sound Side Loading Sound Side Vaulting Transfemoral Gait Deviations Asymmetric Step Lengths Knee Instability During Loading Response External Foot Rotation Lateral Trunk Bending Excessive Lumbar Lordosis Excessive Heel Rise Swing Phase Whips Circumduction Vaulting Excessive Terminal Impact 11---Upper-Limb-Orthotic-Devi_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilit 11 - Upper Limb Orthotic Devices Principles and Indications Classification Biomechanical and Anatomic Considerations Diagnostic Categories and Orthotic Devices Musculoskeletal Conditions Tendonitis, Tenosynovitis, Enthesopathy, Arthritis, and Hypermobility Sprains Fractures Arthritis Neuromuscular Conditions Nerve Injuries Brain Injury and Stroke Spinal Cord Injury Orthoses for Other Injuries Postsurgical and Postinjury Orthoses Orthoses for Burns Pediatric Applications Special Considerations Orthotic Materials International Considerations 12---Lower-Limb-Orthoses_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 12 - Lower Limb Orthoses Introduction Shoes Shoe Parts Foot Orthoses Common Foot Conditions Pes Planus Pes Cavus Forefoot Pain (Metatarsalgia) Heel Pain Toe Pain Leg Length Discrepancy The Diabetic Foot Osteoarthritis of the Knee Pediatric Shoes Ankle-Foot Orthoses Metal Ankle-Foot Orthosis Plastic Ankle-Foot Orthosis Other Types of Ankle-Foot Orthosis Electrical Stimulation Devices Case Report Knee Orthoses General Considerations Brace Design Features Prescription Considerations Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses General Considerations Design Feature Considerations Ankle Joints Knee Joints Knee Locks Additional Component and Material Considerations Clinical Indications Hip Orthoses Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses Specialty Lower Extremity Orthoses Orthotic Checkout Powered Exoskeletons Ambulation Aids Canes Indications Types of Devices Fitting and Use Considerations Crutches Indications Types of Devices Fitting and Use Considerations Walker Indications Types of Devices Fitting and Use Considerations Pediatric Orthoses 13---Spinal-Orthoses_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 13 - Spinal Orthoses History of Spinal Orthotic Management Terminology Prefabricated or Custom Orthoses Orthotic Prescription Spinal Anatomy Normal Spine Biomechanics Description of Orthoses Head Cervicothoracic Orthoses Cervical Orthoses Type: Soft Cervical Collar Cervicothoracic Orthoses Four-Poster Cervicothoracolumbosacral Orthoses Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses Type: Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis (Custom-fabricated Body Jacket) Type: Cruciform Anterior Spinal Hyperextension Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis Type: Jewett Hyperextension Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis Type: Taylor and Knight-Taylor Lumbosacral Orthoses Type: Lumbosacral Chairback Orthoses Sacroiliac Orthoses Scoliosis Type: Thoracolumbosacral Low-profile Scoliosis Orthoses Emerging Technology Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing Bone Stimulation Three-dimensional Clinical Ultrasound 14---Wheelchairs-and-Seating-Sy_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabil 14 - Wheelchairs and Seating Systems Wheelchairs and Seating Systems Delivery Process Professionals and Participants Referral Assessment Initial Interview Medical Variables Physical and Functional Variables Environmental Variables Aesthetics Transportation Variables Equipment Recommendation and Selection (Prescription) Seating Principles Sensory Loss Paralysis and Paresis Contractures Spasticity and Hypertonicity Funding Fitting, Delivery, and Training Follow-Up, Maintenance, and Repair Outcome Measures Considerations for Select Populations Pediatric Patients Progressive Disorders Impaired Vision Weight Disparity Older Adults Assessment Tools Anthropometrics Propulsion Analysis Pressure Analysis Wheelchair Skills Wheelchairs Manual Wheelchairs Basic Wheelchair Dimensions Seat Height Seat Depth Seat Width Back Height Armrest Height Manual Wheelchair Setup Seat and Back Angle Adjustments Rear Wheel Camber Rear Axle Position Horizontal Axle Position Vertical Axle Position Amputee Axle Wheelchair Propulsion Wheelchair Weight Quality of the Wheelchair and Setup Propulsion Technique Manual Wheelchair Transfers in Automobiles Manual Wheelchair Components and Accessories Wheelchair Seating Back Supports Armrests Laterals and Chest Harnesses Headrests Footrests, Leg Rests, and Footplates Wheels and Tires Wheel Locks Grade Aids Pushrims Lever Drives Antitippers Geared and Power-Assist Wheelchairs Power Wheelchairs Basic Power Wheelchairs Folding and Transport Power Wheelchairs Combination Indoor-Outdoor Power Wheelchairs All-Terrain Power Wheelchairs Power Drive Wheel Location Rear-Wheel Drive Front-Wheel Drive Midwheel Drive Input Methods Proportional Control Versus Switched Control Nonproportional Drive Control Integrated Controls Programmability Scooters Standing Wheelchairs Wheelchair Transportation Lifts Ramps Tie-Downs and Securement Wheelchair Standards Manual Wheelchair Performance Power Wheelchair Performance Seat Functions: Tilt, Recline, and Elevation Tilt Recline Elevation Wheelchair-Mounted Accessories: Assistive Technology Electronic Aids to Daily Living Speech-Generating Devices 15---Therapeutic-Exercise_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitatio 15 - Therapeutic Exercise General Principles Energy Systems Creatine Phosphate System Rapid Glycolysis (Lactic Acid System) Aerobic Oxidation System Cardiovascular Exercise Cardiorespiratory Physiology Cardiac Function Heart Rate Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Blood Flow Venous Return Blood Pressure Postural Considerations Effects of Arm and Leg Exercises Pulmonary Ventilation Anaerobic Threshold Maximal Oxygen Consumption Oxygen Pulse Respiratory Quotient and Respiratory Exchange Ratio Effects of Exercise Training Cardiovascular System Detraining Overtraining Exercise Prescriptions Components of an Exercise Prescription Exercise Prescription for Cardiorespiratory Endurance ACSM Recommendations for Cardiorespiratory Endurance Training Mode Intensity Heart Rate Methods. HR is used as a guide to set exercise intensity because of the relatively linear relationship between HR and... Maximum Heart Rate Method. One of the oldest methods of setting the target HR range uses a straight percentage of the HRmax. Usi... Heart Rate Reserve Method. The HR reserve (HRR) method is also known as the Karvonen method. In this method the target range is ... Rating of Perceived Exertion. The RPE is a subjective grading of how hard individuals feel they are exercising. Use of RPE is co... Duration Frequency Progression Medical Clearance Preexercise Evaluation Patient History Identification of Those Who Need an Exercise Stress Test Muscle Physiology Physiology of Muscle Contraction Sliding Filament Mechanism Molecular Characteristics of the Contractile Filaments Muscle Fiber Types Muscle Fiber Orientation Types of Muscle Contraction Factors Affecting Muscle Strength and Performance Determinants of Strength Length-Tension Relationship Torque-Velocity Relationship Effects of Exercise Training Neural Adaptations Muscle Hypertrophy Exercise Prescription Progressive Resistance Exercise DeLorme Oxford Daily Adjusted Progressive Resistance Exercise Increasing Number of Repetitions or Rate Effects of Aging ACSM Guidelines for Prescription of Strength-Training Exercise Flexibility Importance of Flexibility Determinants of Flexibility Static Factors Dynamic Factors Assessment of Flexibility Methods of Stretching Ballistic Passive Static Neuromuscular Facilitation ACSM Guidelines for Prescription of Exercise for Musculoskeletal Flexibility Plyometrics Proprioception Neurofacilitation Techniques Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Brunnstrom Bobath Exercise for Special Populations Physical Inactivity and Obesity Exercise for Fat Reduction Pregnancy Activity for Older Adults Effect of Aging on Muscle Flexibility Training Children Hypertension Peripheral Vascular Disease Diabetes Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Fibromyalgia Organ Transplantation 16---Manipulation--Traction--and-_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehab 16 - Manipulation, Traction, and Massage Overview Manipulation Historical Perspective of Manual Medicine Overview of Manual Medicine Types The Barrier Concept Classification of Manual Medicine Techniques Direct Techniques Indirect Techniques Spinal Mechanics Somatic Dysfunction Physiologic Rationale for Manual Therapies Gamma System Golgi Tendon Reflex Muscle Stretch Reflexes Spinal Facilitation Descending Inhibition Indications and Goals of Treatment Examination and Diagnosis Palpation for Tissue Texture Abnormality Motion Testing Assessment of Fascia Types of Techniques Overview of Various Types of Manual Medicine Direct Techniques Soft Tissue Technique Articulatory Technique Mobilization With Impulse (Thrust; High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude) Muscle Energy Direct Myofascial Release Indirect Techniques Strain-Counterstrain Craniosacral Technique Other Indirect and Combined Techniques Clinical Use of Manual Medicine Evidence-Based Use of Manual Therapies in Practice Contraindications and Side Effects Traction Definition Historical Perspective Types of Traction Physiologic Effects, Indications, and Efficacy Contraindications Massage Definition History Indications and Goals of Treatment Mechanical and Physiologic Effects Types of Massage Western Forms of Massage Effleurage Pétrissage Tapotement Friction Massage Other Western Techniques Alexander Technique Feldenkrais Pattern Manual Lymphatic Drainage Myofascial Release Rolfing Structural Integration Tager Psychological Integration Eastern Forms of Massage Acupressure Anma Massage Reflexology Shiatsu Evidence-Based Use of Massage Contraindications to Massage Conclusion 17---Physical-Agent-Modaliti_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilita 17 - Physical Agent Modalities Cryotherapy Physiology Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Types of Devices and Techniques Superficial Heat Physiology Indications and Contraindications Types of Devices and Techniques Hydrocollator Pack Paraffin Bath Infrared Hydrotherapy Spinal Traction Deep Heat Ultrasound Physics and Devices History Physiology and Mechanism of Action Techniques Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Sonophoresis Shortwave Physics History Techniques Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Microwave Physics Techniques Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy History Physics Techniques Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Electrotherapy History Physiology and Mechanism of Action Types of Electrotherapy Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Interferential Current Iontophoresis Microcurrent Other Electrical Modalities Precautions and Complications Low-Level Laser Therapy History Physics and Bioeffects Techniques Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Other Modalities: International Perspective Whole Body Vibration Therapy History Mechanisms of Action Techniques Indications and Evidence Basis Contraindications and Precautions Acupuncture History and Theory Possible Mechanism Needles and Insertion Techniques Indications, Precautions, and Contraindications Evidence-Based Research Acupuncture and Pain Management Battlefield Acupuncture Moxibustion History and Mechanism Indications and Contraindications Techniques and Evidence-Based Effects 18---Integrative-Medicine-in-Rehab_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Reha 18 - Integrative Medicine in Rehabilitation Introduction Whole Medical Systems Traditional Chinese Medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Naturopathy Functional Medicine Mind and Body Practices Practices of the Mind Meditation and Mindfulness Guided Imagery Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Hypnosis Prayer Creative Arts Therapies Movement Therapies Exercise and Mindful Movement Tai Chi Qi gong Yoga Pilates Feldenkrais Method Biomechanical Therapies Acupuncture Osteopathy Chiropractic Massage Rolfing Biofeedback Regenerative Medicine Natural Products Nutrition Dietary Supplements Essential Oils Economics of Complementary and Integrative Healthcare Conclusion 19---Assistive-Technology-and-Environmen_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-an 19 - Assistive Technology and Environmental Control Devices Defining Assistive Technology History and Legislation of Assistive Technology Education: The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Americans With Disabilities Act and the Reauthorization of the Rehabilitation Act Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (PL 113-128) Assistive Technology and the International Classification of Functioning Overview of Assistive Technology Devices Human-Technology Interface Direct Selection Scanning or Indirect Selection Displays Assistive Technology for Communication Disorders Nonelectronic Systems Electronic Voice Output Systems: Digital Speech Electronic Voice Output Systems: Synthesized Speech Portable Amplification Systems Assistive Technology for Mobility Impairments Upper Body Mobility Devices Lower Body Mobility Devices Ergonomics and Prevention of Secondary Injuries Electronic Aids to Daily Living Home Automation Systems Assistive Technology for Hearing Impairments Hearing Aids Cochlear Implants Other Hearing Technologies Environmental Adaptations Assistive Technology for Visual Impairments Low-Tech Visual Aids High-Tech Visual Aids Environmental Adaptations Assistive Technology for Cognitive/Learning Disabilities Literacy Technologies Prompting Technologies Selecting Appropriate Assistive Technologies Abandonment Principles of Clinical Assessment Phase 1 Assistive Technology Assessment Phase 2 Assistive Technology Assessment Writing the Assistive Technology Assessment Report Physician Responsibilities Documentation in the Health Care Record Funding Letters of Medical Necessity Funding Assistive Technology Summary and Future Directions 20---Neurogenic-Lower-Urinary-Tract-_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Re 20 - Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Neuroanatomy and Physiology Lower Urinary Tract Innervation Voiding Function in Infants and Young Children Voiding Function in Adults Voiding Function in Older Adults Classification of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Evaluation of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction History and Physical Examination Diagnostic Testing for Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Upper Tract Tests Lower Tract Tests Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction General Principles Behavioral Management Urine Collection Devices Pharmacologic Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction General Principles Antimuscarinic Agents Cholinergic Agonists Adrenergic Antagonists Adrenergic Agonists Estrogens Muscle Relaxants Intravesical Therapy Surgical Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction: To Increase Capacity Bladder Augmentation Bladder Augmentation With Continent Catheterizable Stoma Urinary Diversion Denervation Procedures Surgical Treatments for Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction: To Increase Contractility Electrical Stimulation Surgical Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction: To Increase Outlet Resistance Urethral Bulking Agents External Compressive Procedures Surgical Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction: To Decrease Outlet Resistance Sphincterotomy Urethral Stents Other Methods of Decreasing Outflow Resistance Differential Diagnosis of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction Diseases of the Brain Complications of Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction Bacteriuria Autonomic Dysreflexia Hypercalciuria and Stones Summary 21---Neurogenic-Bowel--Dysfunction-and_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and- 21 - Neurogenic Bowel: Dysfunction and Rehabilitation Introduction Epidemiology Impact Neuroanatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Enteric Nervous System Enteric Nervous System: Relationships to the Spinal Cord and Brain The Alimentary Neuromotor System Gastric Motility Intestinal Motility Motility of the Anus, Rectum, and Pelvic Floor Physiology of Normal Defecation Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Nausea, Vomiting, Bloating, Early Satiety Abdominal Pain and Discomfort Diarrhea Defecatory Dysfunction: Constipation and Fecal Incontinence Constipation Fecal Incontinence Reflexic Upper Motor Neurogenic Bowel Areflexic Lower Motor Neuron Bowel Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Common Neurologic Disorders Brain Disorders Parkinson Disease and Parkinson Plus Diseases Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Cord Disorders Peripheral Neuropathy Comprehensive Evaluation History Physical Examination Diagnostic Testing Management Management of Nausea, Vomiting, Bloating, and Early Satiety Management of Defecation Dysfunction: Constipation and Fecal Incontinence Goals of the Bowel Program Dietary Considerations Treatment Approaches and Rationale Management of Reflexic Upper Motor Neuron Bowel Management of Areflexic Lower Motor Neurogenic Bowel Defecatory Dysfunction Rectal Medications Oral Medications for Bowel Care Newer Oral Medications to Treat Constipation Physical Interventions Bowel Irrigation Biofeedback and Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy Abdominal Massage Functional Electrical Stimulation/Functional Magnetic Stimulation Surgical Options Gastrostomies and Enterostomies Surgeries for Chronic Intestinal or Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction Pelvic Floor Sling Electroprosthesis Antegrade Continence Enema Colostomy Complications Treatment Outcomes 22---Sexual-Dysfunction-and-Disa_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabi 22 - Sexual Dysfunction and Disability Sexual Response and Behavior Human Sexual Response Sexual Behavior and Aging Types of Sexual Dysfunction Classification Male Sexual Dysfunction Female Sexual Dysfunction Sexual Dysfunction in Disability and Chronic Disease Spinal Cord Injury Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Multiple Sclerosis Other Neurologic Disorders Cancer Chronic Pain Rheumatologic Disease Amputation Diabetes Mellitus Cardiac Disease Depression Sexual Dysfunction Related to Medication Use in Individuals With Disability Evaluation of Sexual Dysfunction Sexual History Taking Physical Examination Diagnostic Evaluation Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Erectile Dysfunction Premature Ejaculation Delayed Ejaculation, Anejaculation, and Anorgasmia in Men Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder Female Orgasmic Dysfunction Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder Conclusion 23---Spasticity_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 23 - Spasticity Introduction Pathophysiology Does Spasticity Result From Maladaptive Plasticity Clinical Presentation, Goal Setting, and Assessment Problem Identification Postural Abnormalities Impaired Movement Functional Limitation Goal Setting Clinical Assessment Management Nonpharmacologic Pharmacologic Oral Spasmolytics Focal Treatment: Botulinum Toxins Clinical Issues Related to Botulinum Toxin Chemodenervation Focal Pharmacological Treatment: Nerve Block (Neurolysis) Intrathecal Therapies Surgical Intervention Emerging Therapy: Hyaluronidase Injections Emerging Therapies 24---Prevention-and-Management-of-Ch_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Re 24 - Prevention and Management of Chronic Wounds Introduction Abnormal Wound Healing Ischemic Ulcers Arterial Small Vessel Management Venous Ulcers Management Neuropathic Evaluation of Neuropathic Wounds Neuropathic Wound Management Pressure Injury Documentation Pressure Injury Staging120 Stage 1 Pressure Injury: Nonblanchable Erythema of Intact Skin. Intact skin with a localized area of nonblanchable erythema, whi... Pressure Injury Prevention Risk Assessment Risk Factors Prevention Strategies Other Treatment Wound Management Bacterial Colonization Versus Infection Wound Cleansing Biofilm Debridement Considerations When Selecting Dressings Wound Care Products Gauze Impregnated Gauze Semiocclusive Dressings Transparent Film Foam Dressings Hydrogels Hydrocolloid Dressings Alginates Hydrofiber Dressings Hydroconductive Dressings Silver Dressings Honey Dressings Iodine Dressings Charcoal Dressings Cellular and Tissue-Based Products Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Noncontact Low-Frequency Ultrasound Electrical Stimulation Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Conclusion 25---Vascular-Diseases_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 25 - Vascular Diseases Arterial Diseases Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Vasculitic Syndrome Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) Raynaud Syndrome Vibration Syndrome Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome External Iliac Syndrome in Cyclists Arterial Evaluation Noninvasive Arterial Studies Imaging Techniques Catheter Arteriography Management Risk Factor Management Lipid Management Agents for Intermittent Claudication Rehabilitation Gene Therapy Revascularization Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Venous Disease Venous Thromboembolism May-Thurner Syndrome Chronic Venous Insufficiency Venous Evaluation Continuous Wave Doppler Duplex Ultrasound Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Venography Contrast Venography D-Dimer Management Compression Elevation Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Exercise Lymphatic Disease Lymphedema Classification of Lymphedema Evaluation Imaging Techniques Treatment of Lymphedema Compression Elevation Exercise Vasopneumatic Compression Therapy Surgery Conclusion 26---Burns_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 26 - Burns Epidemiology of Burn Injury Acute Physiatric Assessment of the Burned Individual Acute Wound Care Acute Pain Management Acute Surgical Procedures in Burn Injuries Other Acute Conditions Treated in the Burn Center Presence of Inhalation Injury Polytrauma and Burns Catabolism and Metabolic Abnormalities Nutrition and Swallowing in Burns Peripheral Neuropathies Heterotopic Ossification Hypertrophic Scarring Contractures Burn Scar Pruritus Scar Measurement Inpatient Rehabilitation Admission for Burned Individuals Psychosocial Adjustment Community Reintegration 27---Acute-Medical-Conditions--Cardiopulmonary-_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medi 27 - Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Assessment of Cardiopulmonary Function History and Physical Examination History Physical Examination Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac Anatomy Variation of Arteries Cardiac Physiology Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology Pulmonary Anatomy Pulmonary Physiology Basic Terminology for Exercise Aerobic Capacity Heart Rate Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Myocardial Oxygen Consumption Interventions for Cardiopulmonary Disease Aerobic Training Pulmonary Rehabilitation Abnormal Physiology: Lung Cardiac Rehabilitation Abnormal Physiology: Heart Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Patient After Myocardial Infarction Acute Phase (Phase 1) Inpatient Rehabilitation Phase (Phase 1B) Training Phase (Phase 2) Maintenance Phase (Phase 3) Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs in Specific Conditions Angina Pectoris Cardiac Rehabilitation After Revascularization Procedures Postcoronary Artery Bypass Grafting Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients After Cardiac Transplantation Cardiomyopathy Valvular Heart Disease Cardiac Arrhythmias Cardiac Rehabilitation for Stroke High-Intensity Interval Training Home-Based Rehabilitation Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs in Specific Conditions Emphysema Interstitial Lung Disease Pulmonary Hypertension Ventilatory Failure Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation in the Physically Disabled Conclusion Frailty Movement and Function Physiology and Consequences of Inactivity Metabolic Syndrome Deep Vein Thrombosis Obesity Insulin Frailty Syndrome Fried Frailty Phenotype Weight Loss Exhaustion Low Physical Activity Slow Walking Speed Reduced Grip Strength Canadian Study of Health and Aging Measurement Tools Frailty: A Complex Syndrome Zero Physical Activity: Hospital Immobility Early Mobilization Treatment Considerations in the Critical Care Setting Hemodynamic Instability/Orthostatic Hypotension Ventilatory Dependence Postparalytic/Intensive Care Unit–Acquired Weakness Psychology of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Delirium Transition of Care Application to Patients Not in the Intensive Care Unit Community Mobilization Renal Failure Physiology of Renal Failure Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia Uremia Metabolic Issues Bone Issues Weakness Debility Issues of Dialysis: “Residual Syndrome” Sarcopenia/Uremia Rehabilitation for Patients Before Transplantation Early Mobilization After Renal Transplantation Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Coronavirus Disease 2019 28---Chronic-Medical-Conditions---Pulmonary-Di_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medic 28 - Chronic Medical Conditions: Pulmonary Disease, Organ Transplantation, and Diabetes Pulmonary Rehabilitation Definition Classification of Pulmonary Disease Distinguishing Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Epidemiology of Lung Disease Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease Treatment Options in Pulmonary Disease General Medical Management Oxygen Therapy Pulmonary Rehabilitation Chest Physical Therapy Exercise Therapy: General Considerations Exercise Prescription for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exercise in Asthma Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis Exercise in Disorders of Chest Wall Function Nutritional Issues Psychosocial Support Management Options for Individuals With Severe Lung Disease and Long-Term Outcomes Supported and Mechanical Ventilation Long-Term Outcomes of Mechanical Ventilation Lung Volume Reduction in Emphysema Long-Term Results for Lung Volume Reduction Surgery Lung Transplantation Long-Term Results in Lung Transplant Special Considerations Obesity-Related Pulmonary Dysfunction Spinal Cord Injury and Pulmonary Dysfunction Future Directions and Areas of Opportunity Organ Transplantation Introduction Renal Transplantation Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Preoperative Rehabilitation Management Postoperative Medical Issues Postoperative Rehabilitation Management Outcomes Future Heart Transplantation Rehabilitation in Cardiac Transplantation Heart Transplant Epidemiology Rehabilitation Before Heart Transplantation Complications After Cardiac Transplantation Physiology of the Transplanted Heart Therapeutic Exercise After Cardiac Transplantation Rehabilitation in Lung Transplantation Lung Transplants and Patient Outcomes Pretransplant Rehabilitation: Assessment, Education, and Conditioning Posttransplant Rehabilitation: Medical Complications Postoperative Exercise Considerations Liver Transplantation Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Contraindications Patient Selection Rehabilitation Management Patient Classification Preoperative Rehabilitation Management Postoperative Medical Complications Postoperative Rehabilitation Management Fatigue Nutrition Outcomes Future Rehabilitation Management of Diabetes Mellitus Epidemiology Pathophysiology and Diagnosis Prevention Guidelines Lifestyle Modifications Treatment Guidelines Exercise and Diabetes Mellitus Assessment of Physical Activity Physiologic Effects of Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Preexercise Assessment Exercise Prescription in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Oral Pharmacologic Treatment Diabetes Mellitus Treatment With Insulin The Inpatient Rehabilitation Diabetes Consult Team Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Treatment of Diabetic Gastroparesis Conclusion 29---Cancer-Rehabilitation_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitati 29 - Cancer Rehabilitation Epidemiology Demographic Disparities in Cancer Disease Considerations Staging Prognosis and Metastatic Spread Phases of Cancer Constitutional Symptoms Fatigue Pain Acute Pain Chronic Pain Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs for Bone Pain Adjuvant for Bone Pain Opioids for General Cancer Pain Opioid Conversion Existential Distress Impairments in Cancer Impairments Due to Tumor Effects Bone Metastases Brain Tumors: Primary and Metastases Epidural Spinal Cord Compression Cancer Involving Cranial and Peripheral Nerves Cranial Nerves Spinal Roots Nerve Plexuses Peripheral Nerves Paraneoplastic Syndromes Skin Metastases Cardiopulmonary Metastases Impairments Due to Cancer Treatment Combined Modality Therapy Surgery-related Impairments Secondary Impairments Donor Site Morbidity Radiation Therapy-related Impairments Chemotherapy Rehabilitation Approaches General Strategies Rehabilitation of Bone Metastases Exercise Comprehensive Inpatient Rehabilitation Lymphedema Management Augmentative and Compensatory Strategies Rehabilitation of Specific Cancer Populations Breast Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy Cervical Contracture Aphonia and Dysphonia Additional Concerns Precautions in Cancer Rehabilitation Modalities Cytopenias Conclusion 30---Geriatrics_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 30 - Geriatrics Changes in the Body With Aging Musculoskeletal Muscle Bone Neurologic Cardiovascular Pulmonary Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Endocrine Skin Medication Metabolism Gait Evaluation of the Elderly Patient History Taking Medication Review Physical Examination Conditions and Diseases in the Elderly Frailty Disuse and Immobilization Falls Osteoarthritis Osteopenia and Osteoporosis Hip Fractures Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Dementia Delirium Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Parkinson Disease Amputation Cancer Polypharmacy Management Issues in the Elderly Medication Management Pain Management Nutrition Physical Exercise in the Elderly Ambulatory Assistive Devices Orthoses and Footwear Psychosocial Support Modifying the Environment for the Elderly 31---Rheumatologic-Rehabilitat_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabili 31 - Rheumatologic Rehabilitation Introduction to Rheumatic Diseases Osteoarthritis Knee Osteoarthritis Risk Factors Symptoms and Signs Imaging Prognosis Hip Osteoarthritis Hand Osteoarthritis Management of Osteoarthritis Pharmacologic Management Surgical Procedures Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Characteristics Classification Criteria Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis Clinical Characteristics Imaging Diagnosis Criteria Management of Ankylosing Spondylitis Psoriatic Arthritis Gout and Other Crystal-Related Arthropathies Clinical Characteristics Comorbidities Management of Acute Gout Prophylaxis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Musculoskeletal Manifestations Neurologic Manifestation Septic Arthritis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Rehabilitative Management of Rheumatic Diseases Rehabilitation Evaluation of Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Patient Education Improve or Maintain Functional Mobility Exercise Orthoses Physical Modalities Heat Therapeutic Ultrasound Cold Electrical Therapy Low-Level (or Low-Power) Laser Therapy Rehabilitation Intervention for Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation Intervention for Rheumatoid Arthritis Acute Stage Subacute and Chronic Stages Rehabilitation Intervention for Ankylosing Spondylitis 32---Common-Neck-Problems_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitatio 32 - Common Neck Problems Introduction and Epidemiology Neuroanatomy of the Cervical Spine Common Clinical Disorders Cervical Strain and Sprains Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Cervical Radiculopathy and Radicular Pain Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis History and Physical Examination. Patients suffering from acute CIDH-related radiculopathy typically report a history of axial c... Treatment Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The primary objectives of the treatment of cervical radiculopathy include the resolution o... Percutaneous Diskectomy/Disk Decompression. Percutaneous diskectomy has been investigated as a nonsurgical alternative for treat... Cervical Joint Pain Epidemiology Diagnosis History and Physical Examination. A detailed examination should be completed on any patient who sustains a whiplash injury to un... Treatment Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. During the acute phase of injury, the treatment focuses on analgesia and antiinflammatory ... Cervical Internal Disk Disruption Epidemiology Diagnosis History and Physical Examination. The symptom complex of CIDD includes posterior neck pain, occipital and suboccipital pain, upp... Treatment Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Treating cervical intervertebral disk injury without radiculopathy is similar to treating ... Interventional Spine Care Provocation Diskography. Provocation diskography is a functional diagnostic test in which the accuracy of the investigation reli... Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections. Instillation of steroids into the anterior epidural space to bathe the posteriorlate... Surgery Cervical Myelopathy and Myeloradiculopathy Epidemiology Diagnosis History and Physical Examination. Symptom onset is typically insidious, although a minority of patients can experience acute ons... Treatment Nonoperative Care. Conservative care can include physical therapy and cervical orthoses in patients with mild or static symptoms... Cervicogenic Headaches Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Diagnosis History and Physical Examination. Support for a structural source within the cervical spine as the etiology of the patient’s hea... Whiplash Syndrome Conclusion 33---Low-Back-Disorders_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 33 - Low Back Disorders Epidemiology Public Health Perspective Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Lumbar Spine General Concepts Vertebrae Intervertebral Disk Facet Joints Ligaments Muscles Muscles With Origins on the Lumbar Spine Abdominal Musculature Thoracolumbar Fascia Pelvic Stabilizers Nerves Pain Generators of the Lumbar Spine Aging Spine: A Degenerative Cascade Centralization and Pain Psychosocial Factors and Low Back Pain Depression, Anxiety, and Anger Patient Beliefs and Fear Avoidance History and Physical Examination of the Low Back History Physical Examination Observation Palpation Range of Motion Neurologic Examination Orthopedic Special Tests to Assess for Relative Strength and Flexibility Examining the Area Above and Below the Lumbar Spine Illness Behavior and Nonorganic Signs Seen on Physical Examination Clinical Evaluation: Diagnostics Imaging Studies Plain Radiography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computed Tomography Scintigraphy Electromyography Laboratory Studies Differential Diagnosis and Treatment: Back Pain Greater Than Leg Pain Nonspecific Low Back Pain Lumbar Spondylosis Procedures for Facet-Mediated Back Pain Facet Joint Corticosteroid Injections Medial Branch Blocks and Radiofrequency Neurotomy Lumbar Disk Disease Internal Disk Disruption Disk Herniation Vertebral End Plates (Modic Changes) Treatment of Low Back Pain Nonpharmacological Treatments Reassurance and Patient Education Back Schools Exercise Aquatic Exercises Traditional Exercise and Complementary Movement Therapies Massage Manual Mobilization or Manipulation Lumbar Supports Traction Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Other Modalities Medications Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Muscle Relaxants Antidepressants Opioids Antiseizure Medications Tramadol Systemic Steroids Herbal Medicines Topical Treatments Injections and Needle Therapy for Low Back Pain Acupuncture Myofascial Pain and Trigger Point Injections Other Muscle and Ligament Injections Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Treatment of Comorbidities Prognosis of Low Back Pain Spinal Fractures Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Traumatic Spinal Fractures Posterior Column Fractures Anterior Column Fractures Anterior and Middle Column Fractures Chance Fractures AOSpine Fracture Classification Osteoporotic Compression Fractures Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Cancer and Low Back Pain Spinal Infections Spondyloarthropathies Ankylosing Spondylitis Other Spondyloarthropathies Differential Diagnosis and Treatment: Leg Pain Greater Than Back Pain Lumbosacral Radiculopathy Pathophysiology Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections for the Treatment of Lumbar Radicular Pain Anatomy of the Epidural Space and Intervertebral Foramen Indications Approaches Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections Technique Effectiveness of Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections for Radicular Pain due to Disk Herniation Explanatory Studies Pragmatic Studies Outcome Studies Effectiveness of Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections for Radicular Pain due to Miscellaneous Conditions Effectiveness of Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections for Radicular Pain due to Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections Technique Effectiveness of Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections for Radicular Pain due to Disk Herniation Effectiveness of Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections for Radicular Pain due to Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Complications of Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections Conclusion Nonlumbar Spine Causes of “Radicular” Leg Symptoms Joint Disorders Soft Tissue Disorders Vascular Disorders Peripheral Nerve Disorders Low Back Pain in Special Populations Low Back Pain in Pregnancy Pediatric Low Back Pain 34---Osteoporosis_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 34 - Osteoporosis Bone Function and Structure Bone Remodeling Pathogenesis Classification of Osteoporosis Hormones and Physiology of Bone Role of Sex Steroids Other Factors Affecting Bone Mass Effect of Aging on Bone Mass Clinical Manifestations of Osteoporosis Fractures and Management Vertebral Fractures New Hypothesis on the Most Effective Exercise to Reduce Risk for Vertebral Fracture Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Hip Fracture Hip Pads for Fracture Prophylaxis Sacral Insufficiency Fracture Diagnostic Studies in Osteoporosis Treatment Exercise Posture Training Program and the Osteoporotic Skeletal Frame Orthoses and the Osteoporotic Spine Pharmacologic Interventions 35---Upper-Limb-Pain-and-Dysfun_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabil 35 - Upper Limb Pain and Dysfunction Introduction Upper Limb Physical Examination Shoulder Special Tests Anterior Apprehension and Relocation Tests Posterior Apprehension Test Sulcus Sign O’Brien Test Horizontal Adduction Test Speed Test Yergason Test Neer-Walsh Impingement Test Hawkins-Kennedy Impingement Test Drop Arm Test Elbow Special Tests Cozen Test Ligamentous Instability Test Wrist and Hand Special Tests Finkelstein Test Watson Test Rehabilitation Principles of Upper Limb Injury Musculoskeletal Problems of the Upper Limb Conditions of the Shoulder Acromioclavicular Joint Sprains Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy and Impingement Glenohumeral Joint Instability Adhesive Capsulitis Conditions of the Elbow Lateral Epicondylopathy Medial Epicondylopathy Olecranon Bursitis Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain Conditions of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand de Quervain Syndrome Scapholunate Instability Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries First Metacarpophalangeal Joint Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain Conclusion 36---Lower-Limb-Pain-and-Dysfunc_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabi 36 - Lower Limb Pain and Dysfunctiona Part I: Disorders of the Hip and Groin Avascular Necrosis Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease and Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome Coxa Saltans Externa/Interna Hip Impingement and Acetabular Labral Tears Hip Dislocation Athletic Pubalgia Rectus Femoris Avulsion and Ischial Avulsion Injury Osteoarthritis of the Hip Part II: Disorders of the Thigh and Knee Iliotibial Band Syndrome Patellofemoral Pain and Related Disorders Differential Diagnosis of Anterior Knee Pain Hamstring Injury Quadriceps Femoris Injury Femoral Bone Stress Injury Pes Anserine Bursitis Popliteal Dysfunction Intra-articular and Ligament Issues at the Knee Osteochondritis Dissecans Ligamentous Injury Meniscal Injuries Part III: Disorders of the Lower Limb, Ankle, and Foot Superficial Posterior Compartment Injuries: Calf Strain, Achilles Tendinopathy, and Achilles Tendon Rupture Deep Posterior Compartment Injuries: Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction, Flexor Hallucis Overload, and Medial Tibial Stress S... Tibial Stress Fracture Lateral Compartment Injuries: Peroneal Tendinitis, Tendinosis, Tear, and Subluxation Anterior Compartment Injuries: Anterior Tibialis Overload Ankle Sprains: Lateral Ankle Sprains Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus Pain in the Foot: Cuboid Subluxation, Metatarsal Stress Fracture, Plantar Fasciitis, Metatarsalgia, and Morton Neuroma 37---Chronic-Pain_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 37 - Chronic Pain Prevalence Historical Overview Pain Defined Disability and Cost of Chronic Pain Early History of Pain Theory: A Peripheral Perspective History of Contemporary Advancements in Psychological Aspects of Pain Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain Transduction Transmission Peripheral Sensitization Modulation Central Sensitization Ascending and Descending Modulation Psychological Issues Related to Chronic Pain Affective Factors Depression Anxiety Anger Cognitive Factors Catastrophizing Learning Factors Operant Learning Fear of Movement Behavioral Treatment Approaches Operant Behavioral Techniques Cognitive Behavioral Techniques Diagnostic Categories Common in Patients With Chronic Pain Sleep and Chronic Pain Assessment Treatment Pain Treatment Programs Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches Interdisciplinary Treatment Multidisciplinary Team Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy. Physical and occupational therapists use active and passive therapeutic exercises, ma... Mind-Body Medicine Relaxation Training Biofeedback Additional Multidisciplinary Team Members Medications Treatment for Neuropathic Pain Conditions Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Opioid Analgesics Treatment for Neuropathic Pain Conditions Anticonvulsant Medications Antidepressants Medication for Insomnia Topical Analgesics 38---Pelvic-Floor-Disorder_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitati 38 - Pelvic Floor Disorders Pelvic Floor Neuromusculoskeletal Anatomy Overview of Terminology Physical Examination of the Pelvic Floor Types of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Urinary Incontinence Definitions and Etiology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Urinary Urgency and Frequency Definitions and Etiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Fecal Incontinence Definitions and Etiology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Functional Constipation Definitions and Etiology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain Definitions and Etiology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Pregnancy and Postpartum Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Definitions and Etiology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Pelvic Nerve Injuries Definitions and Etiology Epidemiology Diagnosis and Physical Examination Treatment Overlap of Pelvic Floor Disorders and Chronic Pelvic Pain Chronic Pelvic Pain Subtypes Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Endometriosis Irritable Bowel Syndrome Vulvar Pain and Vulvodynia Conclusion 39---Sports-Medicine-and-Adaptive_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehab 39 - Sports Medicine and Adaptive Sports Role of the Team Physician Event Administration Principles of Conditioning and Training Periodization Overtraining Syndrome Altitude Training Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Kinetic Chain Assessment Prehabilitation Injury Phases Stages of Rehabilitation Biomechanics of Sports Throwing Running Swimming Jumping and Landing Pharmacology in Sports Therapeutic Drugs Analgesics Antiinflammatories Antihypertensives Diabetes Drugs Asthma Drugs Performance-Enhancing Drugs Anabolic Steroids Erythropoietin and Blood Doping Stimulants Supplements Creatine Preparticipation Examination Clearance to Play Cardiovascular Screening Medicolegal Aspects of the Preparticipation Evaluation Emergency Assessment and Care Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes Cervical Spine Exercise-Associated Collapse in Athletic Endurance Events Specific Diagnoses in Sports Medicine Sports Concussion Stingers Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm Anemia Specific Populations Women in Sports Pediatric and Adolescent Athlete Older Athlete Adaptive Sports Medicine Classifications Adaptive Sports Equipment Injury Patterns in Adaptive Sports Medicine Injuries and Complications by Cause of Disability Wheelchair Athlete Limb-Deficient Athletes 40---Motor-Neuron-Diseases_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitati 40 - Motor Neuron Diseases Definition Classification Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Variants Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Primary Lateral Sclerosis Progressive Muscular Atrophy Regional Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Variants Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Plus Syndromes Other Motor Neuron Diseases Spinal Muscular Atrophy X-Linked Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy (Kennedy Disease) Poliomyelitis and Postpolio Syndrome Hirayama Disease Rare or Less Well-Defined Etiologies of Motor Neuron Disease Paraneoplastic Nonpoliomyelitis Infections Electrical Injury Hereditary Bulbar Syndromes Diagnosis History Physical Exam Laboratory Studies Electrodiagnosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Diagnosis Criteria General Approach Treatment General Medication Rehabilitation Exercise Specific Disease-Related Impact Spasticity Communication Dysphagia Nutrition Sialorrhea Respiratory Insufficiency Mood and Cognitive Disorders Pseudobulbar Affect Cognition Pain and Cramps Insomnia and Fatigue Medical Complications Prognosis and End-of-Life Care Conclusions 41---Neuropathies_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 41 - Neuropathies Anatomy and Physiology Mechanism and Classification of Neuropathies Mononeuropathies Electrodiagnostic Testing Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Injury Focal Neuropathies of the Upper Extremity Brachial Plexopathy Acute Brachial Neuritis Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Neoplastic Versus Radiation Induced Plexopathies Median Mononeuropathies Median Mononeuropathy at the Wrist (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome) Proximal Median Nerve Injuries Ulnar Mononeuropathies Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Ulnar Neuropathy at Wrist Radial Mononeuropathies Radial Neuropathy at the Spiral Groove Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy Focal Neuropathies of the Lower Extremities Lumbosacral Plexopathies Femoral Neuropathy Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Neuropathy Obturator Neuropathy Fibular (Peroneal) Mononeuropathies Tibial and Plantar Mononeuropathy Sural Mononeuropathy Sciatic Mononeuropathy Lower Abdominal Neuropathies Generalized Peripheral Neuropathies Assessment of Peripheral Neuropathies Electrodiagnostic Studies Complications of Neuropathies Foot Complications Pain Functional Impairment Specific Neuropathies Diabetic Neuropathies Distal Symmetric Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy Proximal Neuropathy Focal Mononeuropathies Autonomic Neuropathy Guillain-Barré Syndrome Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Diagnosis Treatment Infectious Neuropathies Leprosy (Hansen Disease) Lyme Disease HIV-Associated Neuropathies Hepatitis C Virus Toxic Neuropathies Vasculitic and Connective Tissue Disease Neuropathies Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 42---Myopathic-Disorders_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 42 - Myopathic Disorders Physiology and Anatomy of Muscle Function Clinical and Diagnostic Evaluation in Myopathic Disease Disease History Surgical History Family History and Genetics Physical Examination Diagnostic Workup (Table 42.3) Serum Laboratory Studies Electrodiagnostic Studies Forearm Exercise Test Molecular Genetics Testing Muscle Biopsy Evaluation Muscle Biopsy Site Selection Muscle Biopsy Procedure Histology and Histochemistry Radiographic Evaluation Specific Myopathies Muscular Dystrophies Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophinopathies) Pathophysiology and Epidemiology Disease Progression Diagnostic Evaluation Disease-Related Comorbidities and Management Cardiomyopathy Evaluation and Management Pulmonary Impairment, Evaluation, and Management Failure-to-Thrive Screening and Nutrition Management Dysphagia Endocrine, Growth, and Bone Health Orthopedic Management of Contractures and Spine Deformity Cognition and Behavioral Phenotype Disease-Modifying Treatments Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy 1 Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy 2 Diagnostic Evaluation Management Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Diagnostic Workup Management Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy Diagnostic Evaluation Management Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Autosomal Dominant LGMD (Table 42.5) LGMD1A (Myotilinopathy) LGMD1B (Laminopathy) LGMD1C (Caveolinopathy) LGMD1E and LGMD2R (The Desminopathies) Autosomal Recessive LGMD (Table 42.6) LGMD2A (Calpainopathy) LGMD2B/Miyoshi Myopathy Type I (Dysferlinopathy) LGMD2C, 2D, 2E, 2F (The Sarcoglycanopathies) LGMD2I, 2K, 2M, 2N, 2O, 2P, 2T, 2U (The Dystroglycanopathies) LGMD2J (Titanopathy) LGMD2L (Anoctamin-5) Congenital Muscular Dystrophy CMD Due to Defects of Structural Proteins CMD Due to Defects in Glycosylation CMD Due to Defects in Proteins of the Endoplasmic Reticulum SELENON (SEPN1)-related CMD Distal Inherited Muscular Dystrophies Welander Distal Myopathy: Late Adult Onset Myopathy, Type 1 Markesbery-Griggs/Udd: Late Adult Onset, Type 2 Nonaka Distal Myopathy/h-IBM: Early Adult Onset, Type 1 Laing Distal Myopathy: Early Adult Onset, Type 2 Hereditary Inclusion Body Myositis (h-IBM) Dystrophic Myotonias Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy Types 1 and II (Fig. 42.10) Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy Type 1 Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy Type 2 Congenital Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy Diagnostic Evaluation Management Congenital Myopathies Nemaline Myopathy Core Myopathies Central Core Myopathy Multicore (Minicore) Myopathy Centronuclear (Myotubular) Myopathy X-Linked Centronuclear (Myotubular) Myopathy Autosomal Centronuclear (Myotubular) Myopathy Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion Nondystrophic Myotonias Chloride Channel Disorders Diagnosis Management Sodium Channel Disorders Diagnosis Management Potassium Channel Disorder Diagnosis Management Metabolic Myopathies Disorders of Glycogen Metabolism Glycogen Storage Disease Type V (GSD V) (McArdle Disease) Diagnostic Evaluation Management Pompe Disease/Acid Maltase Deficiency (Glycogenosis Type II) Diagnostic Evaluation Management Disorders of Lipid Metabolism Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency Diagnostic Evaluation Management Carnitine Deficiency Diagnosis Management Mitochondrial Myopathies Myoclonic Epilepsy With Ragged Red Fibers Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy Diagnostic Evaluation Management Specific Acquired Myopathies (Table 42.8) Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Dermatomyositis Antisynthetase Syndrome Polymyositis Necrotizing Autoimmune Myositis Inclusion Body Myositis Diagnosis Management Acquired Metabolic Myopathies Endocrine Myopathies Thyrotoxic Myopathies Corticosteroid-induced Myopathy Diagnosis Management Toxic Myopathies Alcohol-related Myopathy Medication-induced Myopathy Infectious Myopathy Critical Illness Myopathy Diagnosis Management General Rehabilitation Principles in Myopathic Disorders Disease-related Comorbidity Management in Myopathic Disorders The Interdisciplinary Team Secretion Management Management Strategies Swallowing Disorders Nutritional Management Endocrinopathy and Bone Health Management Cognitive Impairments and Developmental Delay Management Strategies Neuropsychiatric Conditions Management Fatigue and Hypersomnolence Management Strategies Pain Management Contracture Management Management of Spinal Deformity Spinal Orthotics Rehabilitation and Exercise Management Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Exercise and Conditioning Assistive Devices for Ambulation Lower Extremity Orthotic Bracing Canes, Walkers, and Wheelchairs Adaptive Equipment for Impaired Upper Extremity Function Respiratory Management Conclusions and Future Directions 43---Traumatic-Brain-Injur_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitati 43 - Traumatic Brain Injury Definitions Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury Defining Severity of Injury Epidemiology Epidemiology: United States and Worldwide (Overall) Epidemiology: Causes of Injury Associated Costs Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Demographics/Risk Factors Age and Gender Socioeconomic Status Violence Child Abuse Psychosocial Factors Military Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Demographics/Risk Factors (Global) Pathophysiology Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury Primary Injury Secondary Injury Concomitant Injury Military Blast Injury Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Neurotransmission Repair, Regeneration, and Recovery Principles of Experimental Neurotransmitter Dysfunction and Treatment After Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion) Acute Medical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Physiological Measurements During Acute Care Neuroimaging for Medical Management Management of Patients With Disorders of Consciousness Behavioral Measures of Arousal and Cognition Emergence From Coma Evaluation of Posttraumatic Amnesia Inpatient Rehabilitation Assessment and Management Role of the Neuropsychologist in Inpatient Rehabilitation Medical Rehabilitation Evaluation, Complications, and Management Posttraumatic Seizures Heterotopic Ossification Deep Venous Thrombosis Swallowing/Nutrition Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction Airway/Pulmonary Management Spasticity and Contractures Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity Endocrine Dysfunction Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury Posttraumatic Headache Cognition After Traumatic Brain Injury Cognitive Deficits Following Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Neuropharmacology for Treating Traumatic Brain Injury Mediated Cognitive Deficits The Purpose of the Inpatient Neuropsychological Assessment Practical Interventions for Cognitive Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury Behavioral, Emotional, and Mood Issues in Rehabilitation Agitation Measures of Agitation Treatment of Agitation Hypoarousal and Sleep Disturbance Psychiatric Issues Depression Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Neurodegenerative Disorders and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Functional Evaluation and Treatment Concepts in Rehabilitation Vestibular Dysfunction Visual/Perceptual Dysfunction Exercise and Traumatic Brain Injury Pediatrics Acute Prognostic Indicators of Outcome: A Clinical and Translational Research Perspective Demographics Sex Age Substance Use Clinical Variables Biomarkers Proteomics Genomics Neuroimaging Modalities in Traumatic Brain Injury Research Outcomes, Community Integration, Resources, and Prevention Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome Tools Global Outcome and Functional Measurements Functional Independence Measure/Functional Assessment Measure Glasgow Outcome Scale, Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, and Disability Rating Scale Quality of Life Community Integration Vocational Rehabilitation Family and Caregiver Resources Driving Veterans Community Services Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention 44---Stroke-Rehabilitation_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitati 44 - Stroke Rehabilitation Introduction Types of Strokes Basic Neuroanatomy: A Brief Overview Vascular Anatomy Initial Workup/Management Complications of Stroke Neurologic Complications Hemorrhagic Conversion Repeat Stroke Seizures Hydrocephalus Cerebral Vasospasm Venous Thromboembolism Pulmonary Complications Cardiovascular Complications Urinary Tract Infection Gastrointestinal Bleeds Pain Central Pain Shoulder Pain Contractures Skin Ulcers Falls Depression/Psychiatric Issues Rehabilitation: Treatment of Stroke Sequelae Functional Assessment Cognition/Aphasia/Speech Dysphagia/Nutrition Sensory Impairment Vision Hearing Hemineglect/Hemi-inattention Motor Impairment Spasticity Activities of Daily Living Mobility Bladder/Bowel Sexual Dysfunction Transition to Home and Community Prognosis Outcome Measures Initial Presentation Prediction Time Frames for Recovery Recovery Thresholds/Individual Impairments Hemorrhagic Stroke Intracerebral Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 45---Degenerative-Movement-Disorders-of-th_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine- 45 - Degenerative Movement Disorders of the Central Nervous System Introduction Hyperkinetic Disorders Restless Leg Syndrome Abnormal Movements Hypokinetic Disorders Parkinson Disease Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Cognitive Symptoms Sleep Disturbances Motor Response Oscillations (WearingOff/Pulsatile Phenomenon) Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias Parkinson Plus Syndromes Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Multiple System Atrophy Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration Summary 46---Multiple-Sclerosis_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 46 - Multiple Sclerosis Costs Epidemiology Pathogenesis Genetic Linkage Environmental Factors Other Factors Immunology Subtypes Diagnosis Clinical Decision-Making Pharmacologic Management Disease-Modifying Therapies First-Generation Disease-Modifying Therapies Interferon-β. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, IFN-β (Avonex, Betaseron, Extavia, Rebif) reduces blood-... Oral Therapies Fingolimod. Fingolimod (Gilenya) was the first oral agent to become commercially available for the treatment of RRMS. The dose i... Intravenous Therapies Natalizumab. Natalizumab (Tysabri) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting α4β1-integrin. It inhibits leukocyte migration a... Rehabilitation, Exercise, and Symptom Management Physical Activity Gait Impairment Inpatient Rehabilitation Fatigue Sleep Disorders Mood Disorders Thermoregulation Spasticity Pain Neurogenic Bladder, Neurogenic Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction Neurogenic Bladder Neurogenic Bowel Sexual Dysfunction Cognitive Impairment Swallowing Pseudobulbar Affect Evidence for Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis in Pregnancy 47---Cerebral-Palsy_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 47 - Cerebral Palsy Introduction Epidemiology Etiology/Risk Factors Classification Diagnosis History Clinical Findings and Patterns Functional Prognosis Ambulation Medical Management Introduction Feeding, Growth, and Nutrition Pulmonary Neurologic Issues Genitourinary Gastrointestinal Musculoskeletal Pain and Osteopenia Therapeutic Management Introduction Childhood Disabilities and Education Therapy Interventions Stretching Strengthening and Aerobic Exercise Constraint-induced Movement Therapy Functional Electrical Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation Robotic and Partial Body Weight–Supported Treadmill Training Durable Medical Equipment Management of Hypertonia Oral Medications Focal Interventions Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy Deep Brain Stimulation Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Orthopedic Management Introduction Hips Lower Limb Upper Extremity Spine Complementary and Alternative Medicine Transition to Adulthood and Aging With Cerebral Palsy 48---Myelomeningocele-and-Other-Spina_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-R 48 - Myelomeningocele and Other Spinal Dysraphisms Historical Background, Terminology, and Nomenclature Epidemiology Incidence and Prevalence Risk Factors/Etiology Genetic Factors Embryology Prenatal Diagnosis and Management Intrauterine Surgical Procedures Neonatal and Early Management Back Defect Hydrocephalus Early Bladder Management Assessment of the Neurologic Level Therapy Childhood Management Shunts for Hydrocephalus Arnold-Chiari II Malformations Hydromyelia Tethered Cord Syndrome Neurogenic Bladder Neurogenic Bowel Latex Allergy Endocrine Disorders Musculoskeletal Considerations Motor Innervation Hips Knees Feet Spine Fractures Mobility Orthoses Skin Breakdown Obesity Psychological and Social Issues Cognitive Function Behavior Myelomeningocele in Adults Transition to Adult Health Care General Issues, Health, and Participation Late Neurologic Changes Late Musculoskeletal Considerations Renal and Urologic Damage Fertility, Sexuality, and Reproductive Issues Educational Issues, Vocational Issues, and Independent Living Palliative Care and Neural Tube Defects 49---Spinal-Cord-Injury_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation 49 - Spinal Cord Injury Historical Perspective Model Systems of Care Subspecialty of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Epidemiology Incidence and Prevalence Age at Time of Injury, Gender, and Marital Status Causes of Spinal Cord Injury Neurologic Level and Extent of Neurologic Deficit Life Expectancy, Morbidity, and Causes of Death Anatomy, Mechanics, and Syndromes of Traumatic Injury Pathophysiology of Acute Spinal Cord Injury Spinal Mechanics and Stability Classification of Spinal Cord Injury Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury Neoplastic Causes of Spinal Cord Injury Classification of Spinal Tumors Clinical Presentation of Spinal Tumors Management of Spinal Cord Compression by Tumor Infectious and Inflammatory Causes of Spinal Cord Injury Bacterial Infection. Bacteria can invade the vertebral body and epidural space either hematogenously or by direct extension from... Vascular Causes of Spinal Cord Injury Outcomes of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Neurologic Recovery in Complete Tetraplegia Neurologic Recovery in Paraplegia Neurologic Recovery and Ambulation Functional Recovery Acute Phase of Injury Prehospital Care Surgical Management Chemical and Cellular Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Phase of Injury The Interdisciplinary Team Physical Skill Training Wheelchair Skills Spinal Cord Injury Education Home and Environmental Modifications Driver Training Vocational Training Reconstructive Surgery of the Upper Limbs Functional Electrical Stimulation for Therapeutic Exercise Body-Weight-Support Ambulation Training on a Treadmill Exoskeletal Ambulation Training Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation Chronic Phase of Injury Adjustment to Disability Quality of Life Late Neurologic Decline Secondary Conditions Pulmonary System Anatomy and Mechanics of the Pulmonary System Management of Pulmonary Complications Sleep Disorders Vascular System Cardiometabolic System Fitness and Exercise Autonomic Dysfunction Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Gastrointestinal System Gastrointestinal Complications Bowel Management Genitourinary System Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract Management of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Sexuality and Fertility Pressure Injuries Assessment of Pressure Injuries Treatment of Pressure Injuries Pain Musculoskeletal Pain Visceral Pain Other (Nociceptive) Pain Neuropathic Pain At-Level Spinal Cord Injury (Neuropathic) Pain. At-level SCI (neuropathic) pain refers to neuropathic pain perceived in a segmen... Other (Neuropathic) Pain Spasticity Treatment of Spasticity Musculoskeletal Conditions Contractures Fractures Heterotopic Ossification Hip and Spine Deformities in Children 50---Auditory--Vestibular--and-Visual_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-R 50 - Auditory, Vestibular, and Visual Impairments Auditory Impairments and Hearing Loss Overview of Auditory Anatomy and Physiology Auditory Assessment Case History Otoscopic Examination Test Battery for Auditory Assessment Behavioral Auditory Tests. Hearing assessment is optimally conducted with a test battery consisting of procedures requiring a be... Risk Factors for Hearing Impairments Acquired Hearing Loss Noise-induced Hearing Loss Age-related Hearing Loss Auditory Processing Disorder Tinnitus Red Flags: Warning of Ear Disease Symptoms of Hearing Loss Auditory Rehabilitation Hearing Aids Surgical Management With Implantable Devices Cochlear Implants Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids Middle Ear Implantable Hearing Aids Vestibular Impairments Overview of Vestibular Anatomy and Physiology Vestibular Symptoms Vestibular Assessment Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and the Epidemiology of Vestibular Disorders Vestibular Rehabilitation Habituation Vestibulo-ocular Adaptation Sensory Substitution Canalith Repositioning Treatment for BPPV Efficacy of Vestibular Rehabilitation Visual Impairments Definitions of Blindness and Visual Impairment Overview of Vision Anatomy and Physiology Risk Factors for Developing Vision Impairments Age-Related Disease Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy Glaucoma Other Age-Related Eye Diseases Brain Injury–Related Vision Loss Vision Assessment Vision Rehabilitation Service Delivery Near Vision Activities Distance Vision Activities Dual Sensory Loss or Impairment and Rehabilitation Psychological Adjustment Summary Conclusion Index_2021_Braddom-s-Physical-Medicine-and-Rehabilitation Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z