Food Process Engineering: Safety Assurance and Complements

Description

Food Process Engineering: Safety Assurance and Complements pursues a logical sequence of coverage of industrial processing of food and raw material where safety and complementary issues are germane. Measures to guarantee food safety are addressed at start, and the most relevant intrinsic and extrinsic factors are reviewed, followed by description of unit operations that control microbial activity via the supply of heat supply or the removal of heat. Operations prior and posterior are presented, as is the case of handling, cleaning, disinfection and rinsing, and effluent treatment and packaging, complemented by a brief introduction to industrial utilities normally present in a food plant. Key Features: Overviews the technological issues encompassing properties of food products Provides comprehensive mathematical simulation of food processes Analyzes the engineering of foods at large, and safety and complementary operations in particular, with systematic derivation of all relevant formulae Discusses equipment features required by the underlying processes Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Author Chapter 1 Safety Assurance 1.1 Preservation 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Product and process overview 1.1.2.1 Food-borne agents of disease 1.1.2.2 Nonconventional hurdle strategies 1.1.3 Mathematical simulation 1.1.3.1 Le Châtelier’s principle 1.1.3.2 Joule and Thomson’s coefficient 1.1.3.3 Pressure and temperature effects 1.1.3.4 Water activity 1.1.3.5 pH 1.1.3.6 Thermal resistance of enzymes and microorganisms 1.2 Blanching, pasteurization, and sterilization 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Product and process overview 1.2.2.1 Blanching 1.2.2.2 Pasteurization 1.2.2.3 Sterilization 1.2.3 Mathematical simulation 1.2.3.1 Thermal death time 1.2.3.2 Direct heating of uniform-temperature solid 1.2.3.3 Indirect heating of uniform-temperature solid 1.2.3.4 Direct heating of uniform-temperature liquid 1.3 Chilling 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Product and process overview 1.3.3 Mathematical simulation 1.3.3.1 Chilling of fresh produce 1.4 Freezing/storage/thawing 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Product and process overview 1.4.2.1 Freezing 1.4.2.2 Storage 1.4.2.3 Thawing 1.4.3 Mathematical simulation 1.4.3.1 Freezing pattern 1.4.3.2 Fast freezing and thawing 1.4.3.3 Slow freezing and thawing 1.5 Irradiation 1.5.1 Introduction 1.5.2 Product and process overview 1.5.3 Mathematical simulation 1.5.3.1 Radioactive decay 1.5.3.2 Penetration depth Chapter 2 Complementary Operations 2.1 Handling, cleaning, disinfection, rinsing, and effluent treatment 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Product and process overview 2.1.2.1 Preprocess handling 2.1.2.2 Hygienic design of equipment 2.1.2.3 Cleaning, disinfection, and rinsing of equipment 2.1.2.4 Process handling 2.1.2.5 Postprocess handling 2.1.2.6 Water supply and effluent treatment 2.1.3 Mathematical simulation 2.1.3.1 Cleaning 2.1.3.2 Spraying 2.1.3.3 Sprinkling 2.1.3.4 Rinsing 2.1.3.5 Soaking 2.1.3.6 Disinfection 2.2 Packaging 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Product and process overview 2.2.2.1 Natural fibers 2.2.2.2 Paper and board 2.2.2.3 Synthetic polymers 2.2.2.4 Metals 2.2.2.5 Glass 2.2.2.6 Modified atmosphere packaging 2.2.2.7 Frozen food packaging 2.2.2.8 Edibility/biodegradability of packaging materials 2.2.2.9 Nanotechnology in packaging materials 2.2.2.10 Active packaging 2.2.2.11 Intelligent packaging 2.2.2.12 Filling, sealing, and labeling 2.2.2.13 Economic and environmental impact 2.2.3 Mathematical simulation 2.2.3.1 Transparent packaging 2.2.3.2 Permeable packaging 2.2.3.3 Active packaging 2.2.3.4 Intelligent packaging Chapter 3 Industrial Utilities 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Product and process overview 3.2.1 Steam engine 3.2.2 Refrigerator 3.2.3 Gas compressor 3.2.4 Electric engines and circuitry 3.2.5 Automatic control 3.3 Mathematical simulation 3.3.1 Fuel combustion 3.3.2 Carnot’s thermal engine 3.3.3 Rankine’s power cycle 3.3.4 Vapor compression/expansion refrigeration cycle 3.3.5 Vapor absorption/stripping refrigeration cycle 3.3.6 Chilled water production 3.3.7 Liquid nitrogen production 3.3.8 Solid carbon dioxide production 3.3.9 Gas compression 3.3.10 Electric apparatuses 3.3.10.1 Motors 3.3.10.2 Transformers 3.3.10.3 Cables 3.3.11 Sensors, controllers, and actuators Chapter 4 Bibliography and Useful Mathematical Formulae 4.1 Bibliographic references and further reading 4.2 Algebra 4.2.1 Averages 4.2.2 Asymptotic behaviors 4.2.3 Absolute value 4.2.3.1 Definition 4.2.3.2 Properties 4.2.4 Impulse function 4.2.5 Step function 4.2.6 Exponential function 4.2.6.1 Definition 4.2.6.2 Neper’s number 4.2.6.3 Properties 4.2.6.4 Euler’s form of complex numbers 4.2.7 Logarithmic function 4.2.7.1 Definition 4.2.7.2 Properties 4.2.8 Hyperbolic functions 4.2.8.1 Definition 4.2.8.2 Relationships between hyperbolic functions 4.2.9 Trigonometric functions 4.2.9.1 Definition 4.2.9.2 Fundamental theorem of trigonometry 4.2.9.3 Relationships between trigonometric functions 4.2.10 Series 4.2.10.1 Arithmetic series 4.2.10.2 Geometric series 4.2.11 Algebra of polynomials 4.2.11.1 Products of binomials 4.2.11.2 Newton’s binomial theorem 4.2.11.3 Multinomial theorem 4.2.11.4 Factorization of polynomial 4.2.11.5 Ruffini’s rule 4.2.11.6 Splitting of rational fraction 4.2.12 Matrices 4.2.12.1 Definition 4.2.12.2 Addition of matrices 4.2.12.3 Multiplication of scalar by matrix 4.2.12.4 Multiplication of matrices 4.2.12.5 Transposal of matrix 4.2.12.6 Inversion of matrix 4.2.13 Determinants 4.2.13.1 Definition 4.2.13.2 Laplace’s theorem 4.2.13.3 Properties 4.2.13.4 Inversion of matrix 4.2.14 Power of matrix 4.2.14.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 4.2.14.2 Characteristic polynomial 4.2.14.3 Cayley and Hamilton’s theorem 4.2.14.4 Routh and Hurwitz’s theorem 4.2.15 Vectors 4.2.15.1 Definition 4.2.15.2 Addition of vectors 4.2.15.3 Multiplication of scalar by vector 4.2.15.4 Scalar multiplication of vectors 4.2.15.5 Vector multiplication of vectors 4.2.16 Tensors 4.2.16.1 Definition 4.2.16.2 Dyadic multiplication of vectors 4.2.16.3 Double scalar multiplication of tensors 4.2.16.4 Scalar multiplication of tensors 4.2.17 Solution of systems of linear algebraic equations 4.2.17.1 Cramer’s rule 4.2.17.2 Explicitation 4.2.18 Solution of algebraic quadratic equation 4.3 Calculus 4.3.1 Limits 4.3.1.1 Definition 4.3.1.2 Basic theorems 4.3.2 Differential 4.3.3 Total derivative 4.3.3.1 Definition 4.3.3.2 Rules of differentiation 4.3.3.3 Rolle’s theorem 4.3.3.4 Lagrange’s theorem 4.3.3.5 Cauchy’s theorem 4.3.3.6 L’Hôpital’s rule 4.3.4 Partial derivatives 4.3.4.1 Definition 4.3.4.2 Young’s and Schwartz’s theorems 4.3.4.3 Euler’s theorem 4.3.5 Implicit differentiation 4.3.6 Taylor’s series expansion 4.3.6.1 Univariate function 4.3.6.2 Bivariate function 4.3.7 Vector calculus 4.3.7.1 Definition of nabla 4.3.7.2 Properties 4.3.7.3 Multiple products 4.3.7.4 Conversion to curved systems of coordinates 4.3.8 Indefinite integral 4.3.8.1 Definition 4.3.8.2 Properties 4.3.8.3 Rules of integration 4.3.9 Definite single integral 4.3.9.1 Definition 4.3.9.2 Properties 4.3.9.3 Rules of integration 4.3.9.4 Leibnitz’s formula 4.3.10 Definite multiple integral 4.3.10.1 Line integral 4.3.10.2 Double integral 4.3.10.3 Fubini’s theorem 4.3.10.4 Leibnitz’s theorem 4.3.10.5 Green’s theorem 4.3.10.6 Gauss’ theorem 4.3.11 Fourier’s series expansion 4.3.12 Analytical geometry 4.3.12.1 Straight line 4.3.12.2 Conical lines 4.3.12.3 Length and curvature of plane curve 4.3.12.4 Area of plane surface 4.3.12.5 Outer area of revolution solid 4.3.12.6 Volume of revolution solid 4.3.13 Optimization of functions 4.3.13.1 Univariate and unconstrained 4.3.13.2 Bivariate and unconstrained 4.3.13.3 Univariate and constrained 4.3.14 Euler and Lagrange’s equation 4.3.14.1 Unconstrained kernel 4.3.14.2 Constrained kernel 4.3.15 Pontryagin’s principle 4.3.16 Fourier’s transform 4.3.17 Laplace’s transform 4.3.17.1 Definition 4.3.17.2 Properties 4.3.17.3 Inversion 4.3.18 Lambert’s W function 4.3.19 Gamma function 4.3.20 Incomplete gamma function 4.3.21 Bessel’s functions 4.3.22 Exponential-integral function 4.3.23 Solution of ordinary differential equations 4.3.23.1 First order with separable variables 4.3.23.2 Homogeneous first order 4.3.23.3 Linear first order 4.3.23.4 Bernoulli’s equation 4.3.23.5 Incomplete, linear second order 4.3.23.6 Bessel’s equation 4.3.23.7 Legendre’s equation 4.3.23.8 Chebyshev’s equation 4.3.23.9 Incomplete, nonlinear second order 4.3.23.10 Complete, linear second order 4.3.23.11 Constant-coefficient, linear higher order 4.3.23.12 Euler’s equation 4.4 Statistics 4.4.1 Discrete probability distributions 4.4.2 Absolute and centered moments 4.4.3 Moment-generating function 4.4.4 Normal distribution 4.4.4.1 Probability density function of population 4.4.4.2 Probability density function of sample 4.4.4.3 Central limit theorem 4.4.4.4 Properties 4.4.4.5 Probability cumulative function of population 4.4.5 Linear regression 4.4.5.1 Parameter estimation 4.4.5.2 Parameter inference Index