Chemistry Atoms First

Description

Chemistry: Atoms First 2e is a peer-reviewed, openly licensed introductory textbook produced through a collaborative publishing partnership between OpenStax and the University of Connecticut and UConn Undergraduate Student Government Association. This text is an atoms-first adaptation of OpenStax Chemistry 2e. The intention of "atoms-first" involves a few basic principles: first, it introduces atomic and molecular structure much earlier than the traditional approach, and it threads these themes through subsequent chapters. This approach may be chosen as a way to delay the introduction of material such as stoichiometry that students traditionally find abstract and difficult, thereby allowing students time to acclimate their study skills to chemistry. Additionally, it gives students a basis for understanding the application of quantitative principles to the chemistry that underlies the entire course. It also aims to center the study of chemistry on the atomic foundation that many will expand upon in a later course covering organic chemistry, easing that transition when the time arrives. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Cover Chemistry: Atoms First 2e Preface 1. About OpenStax 2. About OpenStax resources 3. About Chemistry: Atoms First 2e 4. Additional resources 5. About the University of Connecticut 6. About our team Chapter 1. Essential Ideas 1.1. Chemistry in Context 1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter 1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties 1.4. Measurements 1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision 1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results Glossary Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory 2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory 2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism 2.4. Chemical Formulas Glossary Chapter 3. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements 3.1. Electromagnetic Energy 3.2. The Bohr Model 3.3. Development of Quantum Theory 3.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations) 3.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties 3.6. The Periodic Table 3.7. Molecular and Ionic Compounds Glossary Chapter 4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry 4.1. Ionic Bonding 4.2. Covalent Bonding 4.3. Chemical Nomenclature 4.4. Lewis Symbols and Structures 4.5. Formal Charges and Resonance 4.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity Glossary Chapter 5. Advanced Theories of Bonding 5.1. Valence Bond Theory 5.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals 5.3. Multiple Bonds 5.4. Molecular Orbital Theory Glossary Chapter 6. Composition of Substances and Solutions 6.1. Formula Mass 6.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 6.3. Molarity 6.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations Glossary Chapter 7. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 7.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 7.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions 7.3. Reaction Stoichiometry 7.4. Reaction Yields 7.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis Glossary Chapter 8. Gases 8.1. Gas Pressure 8.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law 8.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions 8.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases 8.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory 8.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior Glossary Chapter 9. Thermochemistry 9.1. Energy Basics 9.2. Calorimetry 9.3. Enthalpy 9.4. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds Glossary Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids 10.1. Intermolecular Forces 10.2. Properties of Liquids 10.3. Phase Transitions 10.4. Phase Diagrams 10.5. The Solid State of Matter 10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids Glossary Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids 11.1. The Dissolution Process 11.2. Electrolytes 11.3. Solubility 11.4. Colligative Properties 11.5. Colloids Glossary Chapter 12. Thermodynamics 12.1. Spontaneity 12.2. Entropy 12.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics 12.4. Free Energy Glossary Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts 13.1. Chemical Equilibria 13.2. Equilibrium Constants 13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle 13.4. Equilibrium Calculations Glossary Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria 14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 14.2. pH and pOH 14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 14.4. Hydrolysis of Salts 14.5. Polyprotic Acids 14.6. Buffers 14.7. Acid-Base Titrations Glossary Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes 15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution 15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases 15.3. Coupled Equilibria Glossary Chapter 16. Electrochemistry 16.1. Review of Redox Chemistry 16.2. Galvanic Cells 16.3. Electrode and Cell Potentials 16.4. Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium 16.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells 16.6. Corrosion 16.7. Electrolysis Glossary Chapter 17. Kinetics 17.1. Chemical Reaction Rates 17.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 17.3. Rate Laws 17.4. Integrated Rate Laws 17.5. Collision Theory 17.6. Reaction Mechanisms 17.7. Catalysis Glossary Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals 18.1. Periodicity 18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals 18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids 18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals 18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen 18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates 18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen 18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus 18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen 18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur 18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens 18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases Glossary Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry 19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds 19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals 19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds Glossary Chapter 20. Nuclear Chemistry 20.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability 20.2. Nuclear Equations 20.3. Radioactive Decay 20.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy 20.5. Uses of Radioisotopes 20.6. Biological Effects of Radiation Glossary Chapter 21. Organic Chemistry 21.1. Hydrocarbons 21.2. Alcohols and Ethers 21.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters 21.4. Amines and Amides Glossary Appendix A. The Periodic Table Appendix B. Essential Mathematics B.1. Exponential Arithmetic B.2. Significant Figures B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers B.4. The Solution of Quadratic Equations B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants Appendix E. Water Properties Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases Appendix J. Solubility Products Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes Solutions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Index