The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights

Description

The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights offers a comprehensive and contemporary survey of the key themes, approaches and debates in the field of media and human rights. The Companion is the first collection to bring together two distinct ways of thinking about human rights and media, including scholarship that examines media as a human right alongside that which looks at media coverage of human rights issues. This international collection of 49 newly written pieces thus provides a unique overview of current research in the field, while also providing historical context to help students and scholars appreciate how such developments depart from past practices. The volume examines the universal principals of freedom of expression, legal instruments, the right to know, media as a human right, and the role of media organisations and journalistic work. It is organised thematically in five parts: Communication, Expression and Human Rights Media Performance and Human Rights: Political Processes Media Performance and Human Rights: News and Journalism Digital Activism, Witnessing and Human Rights Media Representation of Human Rights: Cultural, Social and Political. Individual essays cover an array of topics, including mass-surveillance, LGBT advocacy, press law, freedom of information and children's rights in the digital age. With contributions from both leading scholars and emerging scholars, the Companion offers an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach to media and human rights allowing for international comparisons and varying perspectives. The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights provides a comprehensive introduction to the current field useful for both students and researchers, and defines the agenda for future research. Cover Page Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 Media and human rights: Mapping the field Why this companion Communication, Expression and Human Rights (Part 1) Media Performance and Human Rights: Political Processes (Part 2) Media and the state of human rights Note References Part 1 Communication, expression and human rights  Chapter 2 Expressing the changes: International perspectives on evolutionsin the right to free expression Introduction UNESCO’s positions and policies on media and human rights Rethinking and unpacking ‘press freedom’ Reflecting on the range of the Right to Information Debating freedom of expression and in relation to other rights Upcoming dynamics and debates Conclusion Notes References Chapter 3 History of Media and Human Rights Origins The rise of humanitarianism in the long 19th century Transformations and threats, 1914–39 The institutionalisation of human rights in the 1940s Positive freedoms and media development in the 1950s and 1960s Human rights and the cultural-imperialism debates Mediating human rights in the 1970s and beyond Contemporary questions Notes Select Bibliography Chapter 4 Media freedom of expression at the Strasbourg Court: Current predictability of the standard of protection offered Introduction The structure and application of Article 10 ECHR, European consensus analysis and the margin of appreciation doctrine Protecting political expression in the media Protecting non-political expression in the media Conclusions Notes References Chapter 5 Communication Freedoms versus Communication Rights: Discursive and normative struggles within civil society and beyond Negative and positive liberties UNESCO’s MacBride Report (1980) ITU’s World Summit on the Information Society (2003–05) The UK’s Leveson Inquiry (2011–12) Conclusion Notes References Chapter 6 Freedom of Information and the Media FOI, human rights and the media around the world Freedom of information and the media in the UK: Use, innovation and change FOI and media: Abuse, resistance and trust? The future ecology of transparency References Chapter 7 Freedom of Expression and the Chilling Effect Introduction to the chilling effect Historical development of the chilling effect Measurement Seeking clarity Conclusion Notes References Chapter 8 Human Rights and Press Law Introduction A balancing act ‘Free speech does not mean free speech’ The authority of the judiciary Defamation Privacy, confidentiality and intrusion ‘A debate of general interest’ ‘Up for a three-way’ Conclusion Notes References Chapter 9 Human rights and the digital Introduction Human rights and the digital transformation: Four perspectives Negative and positive rights in the digital environment Paradigms and politics of digital rights Conclusions Note References Chapter 10 Children’s Rights in the Digital Age Definitional challenges – child, rights, digital Scoping children’s rights in the digital age The problem of ensuring rights online as well as offline The problem of prioritising among potentially clashing rights The problem of distinguishing opportunities over risks The problem of identifying ‘the best interests of the child’ online Thinking ahead Notes References Chapter 11 Media and Information Literacy (MIL): Taking the digital social turn for online freedoms and education 3.0 Integrating the impact of Internet on human rights: Towards a new rights-based approach Augmenting MIL with IG competences for the 21st century Notes References Chapter 12 Theorising digital media cultures: The politics of watching and being watched Introduction Media in the digital era: The watched and watching world Media as visibility, commodity and power Whither media rights? Notes References Chapter 13 All Human Rights are Local: The resiliency of social change Three generations Four pressing questions ‘Botched abstractions and foggy history’ (Sen 2006, 57) Communication for development and social change (CDSC) Communication and/for change Sen’s capabilities and freedom framework A promising and much-needed trend? References Part 2 Media performance and human rights: Political processes Chapter 14 Political Determinants of Media Freedom Introduction Conceptualizing and measuring media freedom Political mechanisms Economic mechanisms Old and new media Conclusion Notes References Chapter 15 Beyond the Binary of Universalism and Relativism: Iran, media and the discourse of human rights Introduction The theoretical foundations of human rights discourse Human rights and the case of the Islamic Republic of Iran Communication space in Iran in context and the human rights discourse Conclusion Notes References Chapter 16 Rights, Media and Mass-surveillance in a Digital Age Surveillance, rights and the media Contemporary surveillance Creeping capitalism? Curtailing inquiry, dominating debate Notes References Chapter 17 Civil Society and Political-Intelligence Elites: From manipulation to public accountability The field of intelligence, influence and civil society The Bush administration’s torture-intelligence policy Problematic relationships with civil society Directions for future research References Chapter 18 Foreign Policy, Media and Human Rights Human rights and foreign policy What role for the media? The realist-liberal axis The media, revolution and resistance in the international system Conclusions References Chapter 19 Public Diplomacy, Media and Human Rights Public diplomacy and human rights in theory and practice Human rights 2.0 The right to communicate Conclusion Note References Part 3 Media performance and human rights: News and journalism Chapter 20 Global Media Ethics, Human Rights and Flourishing Journalism ethics: From parochial to global Human rights and global ethics Application to journalism Conclusion Notes References Chapter 21 Investigative Journalism and Human Rights Notes References Chapter 22 International Reporting Unpacking the dimensions of international reporting International reporting as mediator across national boundaries International reporting practices: Changes and continuities Current challenges to international reporting International reporting and human rights: Conclusions References Chapter 23 Global Violence Against Journalists: The power of impunity and emerging initiatives to evoke social change Anti-press violence Historical context for journalists as a special designation – legal instruments Historical and cultural context and impunity Social Change Conclusion References Chapter 24 Civic Organizations, Human Rights and the News Media The changing contexts of media, human rights and civic organizations What the research says Future directions Conclusion References Chapter 25 Rights and Responsibilities When Using User-generated Content to Report Crisis Events Intellectual property Privacy Defamation Conclusion Notes References Chapter 26 Environment and Human Rights Activism, Journalism and ‘The New War’ Introduction Transnational activism Information activism Activism-journalism Conclusion Notes References Part 4 Digital activism, witnessing and human rights  Chapter 27 Social Media and Human Rights Advocacy Introduction Social media advocacy as communicating across fields The logic of the human rights NGO field The logic of the social media field The logics of target audience fields The logics of political fields Risk, visibility and inequality Conclusion References Chapter 28 All the World’s a Stage: The rise of transnational celebrityadvocacy for human rights The rise and institutionalization of humanitarian celebrity advocacy Creating and harnessing star power Sound and fury signifying…? Measuring humanitarian celebrity impact Substituting spectacle for substance? The implications of humanitarian celebrity advocacy Conclusion Notes References Chapter 29 Social Media Reinvigorates Disability Rights Activism Globally Social media and disability access Activism US disability rights activism African Youth with Disabilities Network Serbia’s Centre Living Upright (CZU) Conclusions References Chapter 30 Media and LGBT Advocacy: Visibility and transnationalism in a digital age Media and public visibility for LGBT political action Print, radio, television and film Digital media and LGBT activism Transnational dynamics of media and LGBT rights Conclusion Notes References Chapter 31 Live-witnessing, Slacktivism and Surveillance: Understanding the opportunities, challenges and risks of human rights activismin a digital era Amplifying  voices Documentation Community building and awareness raising Civic and political engagement and mobilization Reconciliation and access to justice Challenges and risks References Chapter 32 Human rights and the media/protest assemblage Media practice as enactment of citizenship Media/protest between freedom of expression and communication rights Making the impossible real: Media and the promotion and exercise of human rights Conclusions Notes References Chapter 33 Imaging Human Rights: On the ethical and political implications of picturing pain The crisis of witnessing The ethics of the image The ethics of looking The redistribution of the visible The spectatorial turn Resistance by recording References Chapter 34 Citizen Witnessing of Human Rights Abuses Making violence visible ‘See it. Film it. Change it.’ Witnessing imperatives Expanding visual boundaries References Chapter 35 Video and Witnessing at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Video coverage of the ICTY proceedings Video evidence Video outreach Conclusion Note Bibliography Chapter 36 Media, Human Rights and Forensic Science Forensic science and news frames Forensic science and human rights Forensic science and human rights reporting References Part 5 Media representation of human rights: Cultural, social and political Chapter 37 Media, Culture and Human Rights: Towards an intercultural communication and human rights journalism nexus The culture, media and human rights nexus Clash of cultures: A critical comparative look at religion, gender, race and ethnicity Religion: The West vs Islam Race: White vs black Ethnicity: British vs immigrants Gender: Men vs women Conclusion: Towards intercultural communication and human rights journalism References Chapter 38 Media and women’s human rights References Chapter 39 News Coverage of Female Genital Cutting: A seven country comparative study Female genital cutting Media coverage of FGC Framing Method Findings Discussion References Chapter 40 Media, Human Rights and Religion The joker in the pack Framing the news frame Human rights stories in religious frames Religious stories in human rights frames Religion and human rights Media, human rights and religion The religion of human rights Media, human rights and religions, plural Conclusion: Media and religious literacy References Chapter 41 The Role of News Media in Fostering Children’s Democratic Citizenship Introduction Defining childhood Researching children and news News and political socialisation Negative news media effects Critical news research Representing children The child news audience News production Conclusion References Chapter 42 News language and human rights Introduction News media and outsiders Audience construction News narratives associated with human rights Inscribing an audience for human rights issues Conclusion References Chapter 43 Media, Human Rights and Political Discourse The politics of human rights Framing development, the market and human rights Media coverage and political impact Human rights are political References Chapter 44 Media, Human Rights and Refugees Introduction Legitimating the denial of human rights Its not them, it’s them! (Or, the really undesirable ‘others’) Notes References Chapter 45 Labour journalism, human rights and social change Background History of US labour reporting The globalization of supply chains and coverage Fight for 15: A Labour campaign with media coverage and impact Working conditions on Saadiyat Island: A less successful campaign Conclusion Note References Chapter 46 Public Safety Media representations of crime and violence Effects of crime news Crime news production Alternative approaches to covering crime and violence Crime, violence and the social media Conclusion References Chapter 47 Prisoners, Human Rights and the Media Introduction Prisoners, media and crime Prisoners’ rights in the press Prisoners right to vote Conclusion Notes References Chapter 48 Changes in War-Making, Media and Human Rights: Revolution or repackaging? Overview: Human rights, media and war New actors, new media Ethics of looking Conclusions References Chapter 49 Media, Terrorism and Freedom of Expression Background: The role of media/communication in the terrorist calculus Government censorship and mainstream media Mainstream media’s self-censorship Government censorship of direct terrorist speech Terrorists against press freedom or hate speech? Conclusion Notes References Index